Philosophy

1. Philosophy By Sarah Ratliff

2. Philosophy • Means “love of wisdom.” • The study of basic concepts, such as truth, existence, reality, causality, and freedom. • Pythagoras was the philosopher who came up with the term philosophy.

3. Origin • 7th and 6th century B.C.E. • Located in Ionia. • First philosophers were the pre-Socratics. • Created new prose of writing to express new ideas.

4. Ideas • Rationalism: People must justify claims through logic and reason. Became foundation for the study of science and philosophy. • Subjectivism: the belief that there is no absolute reality behind and independent of appearances. • Socratic Method: method of conversation. Ask probing questions to make listeners examine their assumptions before drawing conclusions. • Metaphysics: ideas about the ultimate nature of reality beyond the reach of human senses. • Dualism: separation between spiritual and physical being.

5. Pre-Socratics • Began philosophy and developed new explanations for human existence and the gods. • Thales– first recorded Western philosopher. Questioned the origin and nature of the universe and inspired others to think along the same lines. • Anaximander– Believed that natural laws exert itself in the world and maintain balance between different elements.

6. Pre-Socratics • Pythagoras– Taught that numbers explained the true nature of things and all relationships could be expressed numerically. • Parmenides– Believed existence is unchanging, indivisible, and unmoving. Argued that reason is superior to the evidence of the senses.

7. Socrates • Devoted his life to questioning people about their beliefs. • Started the Socratic method-- a form of questioning. • Used reasoning to discover universal, objective standards that justify individual ethics. • Behaving according to a universal standard of just behavior was the only way to achieve true happiness. • Unique beliefs caused him to make enemies. • Charged with impiety. Jury said that his philosophy angered the gods and threatened the divine punishment for the city. • Jury convicted Socrates and he was executed 399 B.C.E.

8. Plato • Studied astronomy, mathematics, political philosophy, ethics, and metaphysics. • Believed that moral qualities are universal, unchanging, and absolute, not relative. • Believed that humans possess immortal souls distinct from the body. • Established the Academy in 387 B.C.E. • His goal was to educate men and create a class of just rulers.

9. Aristotle • Believed that philosophy was not the study of abstract subjects isolated from ordinary existence, but the disciplined search for knowledge. • Founded the Lyceum in 335 B.C.E. This school became one of the most influential schools of ancient Athens. • He lectured about numerous subjects. • Was the first to collect and classify animal species.

10. Influence on Ancient Greece • Came to the conclusion that unchanging laws of nature controlled the universe, rather than the gods. • Separated scientific thought from myth and religion.

11. Influence on Future Ways of Thought • Present day philosophy is based off of ancient Greek philosophers’ ideas. • Pre-Socratics searched for the first or universal cause of all things, which is a problem that many scientists still try to solve today. • Pythagoras’ discoveries in math started the study of mathematics and influenced geometry. • Plato’s ideas about reality, ethics, and politics remain central to philosophy and political science to this day.

12. Bibliography • “Aristotle.” World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2009. Web. 19 October 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc- clio.com>. • Hunt, Lynn, et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005. Print. • Schlager, Neil. Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. Farmington Hills: The Gale Group, 2001. Print. • “Socrates.” Encyclopedia of World Biography. Vol 14. 2nd ed. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 320-321. Gale Virtual Reference library. Gale. Community High School Dist 94. 19 October 2009. <http://go.galegroup .com/ps/start.do?p=GVRL&u=chsd • “Socrates.” World History: Ancient and Medieval Eras. ABC-CLIO, 2009. Web. 19 October 2009. <http://www.ancienthistory.abc- clio.com>

13. Daily Life In Ancient GreeceBy: Zach Bauler

14. Introduction • Life in ancient Greece is a lot different then ours today • Daily life are the things that you are doing everyday. • Areas of focus will me men and woman, Marriage, Children, Slaves, and Athenian woman vs. Spartan woman

15. Men And Woman • Free men who were citizens organized a democracy • The majority didn’t enjoy perfect political equality • Woman had protection of the law but were barred from politics • Sexual behavior was stricter for woman then men

16. Marriage • Marriages often happened between ages 15 and 20 • Marriages often ranged in age • Houses were decorated with confetti and olives • Girls stayed at home until they were married

17. Children • people were considered children until 30 years old • Kids played with rattles and clay animals • Also played games like jacks • Boys helped in the fields, sailed boats, and fished • Girls helped mothers at the house • Wealthy boys learned philosophy and speech

18. Slaves • Slaves took up 1/3 of the total population • Slaves became cheap enough that even middle class could afford one or two • Owners could easily beat or kill their slaves • In Athens special slaves were trained to detect counterfeit coins.

19. Athenian Woman Vs. Spartan Woman • Athenian democracy lacked woman as a whole • Spartan woman enjoyed rights such as setting household rules, they could own land, and also a daughter could inherit her fathers land • Both Spartan and Athenian girls were trained and worked at home

20. Conclusion • Daily life in ancient Greece was different then modern day • My slides are important because if we didn’t know what happened back then we wouldn’t live the same way now • The specific aspects of my slide show are men and woman, marriage, slaves, children, and Athenian woman vs. Spartan Woman

21. Bibliography • Hunt, Lynn, et al. The Making of the West; Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/St. Martins, 2005. Print. • Living in Ancient Greece/ Donardo Farmington Hills, Michigan • www.getty.edu/art/ehibitions/coming_of_ age/school.html • http://greece.mrdonn.org/kids.html

22. “Art completes what nature leaves unfinished.”- Aristotle Ancient Greece Art/Architecture Ancient Greece Art/Architecture The Parthenon

23. The Ancient Greeks believed art was about inner reality also, not just how it looks on the outside. Ancient Greek Art

24. The invention of the drill made it possible to make long, narrow channels in the marble. The DRILL

25. The Parthenon burned down while in its process of construction around 480 B.C. It was reconstructed between 447-432 B.C.

26. The Greek Theatre was known as the second most typical expression of Greek Architecture. Theatre

27. Sculptures Like modern artists, Greek sculpture artists looked at live models while working. Greek artists wanted perfection so they chose young men to sculpt, not little boys, or older males, and mostly not women.

28. Pericles rebuilt their ruined Acroplis after the Persian War to be one of the most spectacular set of buildings in the world. Acroplis

29. Art was so important to the Greeks because it expressed them in the best way possible. Whenever any part of the Ancient Greeks life changed, the art reflected it.

30. In the end, even though the art of sculptures were striking, architecture was the most democratic of arts. Conclusion

31. Bibliography • Source #1- Hunt, Lynn, et al. The Making of the West: Peoples and Cultures. Boston: Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2005. Print. • Source #2- Roberts, T. Jennifer. The Ancient Greek World. New York: Oxford University Press, 2005. • Source #3- Arts and Humanities, Through the Eras. Evans, James Allen. Detroit: Thomson Gale, 2005. • Source #4- The Parthenon. Ancient-Greece.Org 2009, 10/18/09<http://ancient-greece.org/architecture/parthenon.html.>

32. By Luisa Gonzalez Greek Mythology & Religion

33. Religion. They made offerings to the gods. Prayed at oracles, places or worship that some also had at home. Part of their praise were songs they sang, that told the memories of past glories. Minstrels claimed to be descendants of the Olympian Gods.

34. ________ • Mythology was history, example, and inspiration for the Greeks. • The Greeks had no rules for proper conduct. • Good luck, health, love, & business, were rewarded for worship. • Tales were about once real men, who were interpreted as heroes. (Gods)

35. The twelve most important Gods, lived at the top of Mount Olympus. Zeus - Supreme God of the Olympians. Hera – Goddess of Marriage. Poseidon – God of the sea. Ares – God of war. Hades – God of the Underworld and wealth. Apollo – God of prophesy, music, & healing. Artemis – Virgin Goddess of the hunt. Aphrodite – Goddess of love, beauty, & fertility. Hermes – Messenger of Gods, and guide of the dead. Hephaestus – Lame God of fire and crafts. Athena – Goddess of crafts, domestic arts, and war. Hestia – Goddess of Hearth and Home. Olympian Gods.

36. MYTHS; • Persephone & the origin of the seasons. • Pandora & the box of evil. • Prometheus & the gift of fire.

37. Teachings of Homer. Home in Greek, means witness. Wrote the Iliad and the Odyssey. Was blind, sang songs of mythical persons. Was considered a minstrel.

38. Religion gave the Greeks beliefs and set morals. • Mythology explained their presence in life; their beginnings and past events. • Both combined to describe culture and pass it on to the future. Conclusion;

39. bibliography • Stapleton, Michael. A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Mythology. New York. Bell Publishing Company.1978. Print. • Schomp, Virginia. Cultures of the Past. ‘The Ancient Greeks’. New York: Berchmark, 1996. Print. • Graves, Robert. New Larousse encyclopedia of Mythology. London: The Hamlyn Publishing Group Limited. 1959. Print.