Protestant Reformation, Catholic and Counter-Reformations, Wars of Religion

1. Protestant Reformation, Catholic and Counter-Reformations, Wars of Religion 1517-1648

2. Key Terms/People • Reformation • Johann Tetzel • Pope Leo X • Indulgences • Martin Luther • Diet of Worms • Peasant’s War • Diet of Speyer • League of Schmalkalden • Pope Paul III • John Calvin • Statute of the Six Articles • St. Ignatius Loyola • Jesuits • Index of Prohibited Books • Thirty Years’ War

3. Causes of the Reformation • 1. Church corruption • Simony, nepotism, sale of indulgences • 2. Humanism • Glorification of humanity • 3. Decline of prestige of the papacy • Babylonian Captivity and Great Schism • 4. Influence of Religious Refomers • Wycliffe and Hus

4. Causes of the Reformation • 5. Resentment of secular rulers over the power of the pope and the Church • Growing nation-states • 6. Resistance to the power of Charles V • Holy Roman Empire • 7. Invention of the printing press • Increased literacy and Bible in vernacular

5. 1517 • Johann Tetzel (1465-1519) • Dominican friar • Authorized by Leo X to sell indulgences • Proceeds to rebuild St. Peter’s Basilica • Martin Luther (1483-1546) • Augustinian priest • Professor of theology at University of Wittenburg • Condemned sale of indulgences • Tormented by obsession over his own damnation • 95 Theses

6. 1519-1520 • Tenets of Lutheranism: • 1. Salvation by faith alone • 2. The Bible is the ultimate authority • 3. The grace of God brings absolution • 4. Baptism and communion are the only valid sacraments • Replaced Transubstantiation with Consubstantiation • 5. Clergy is not superior to the laity • 6. The church should be subordinate to the state

7. 1520 • Luther burned the papal bull that demanded that he recant • Luther excommunicated • Charles V did not arrest Luther

8. 1521 • Luther called before Diet of Worms • Luther refuses to recant • Translates the Bible into German

9. 1520s • Lutheranism spreads • Germany, Norway, Sweden, Finland, eastern Baltic • Charles V preoccupied by war with the Ottoman Turks

10. 1524-1526 • Radical religious sects form • Demand abolition of feudalism • Peasant’s War • Luther did not support extremists • Anabaptists

11. 1529 • Diet of Speyer refused to recognize the right of princes to determine the religion of their subjects

12. 1531 • League of Schmalkalden formed by Protestant princes to attack the emperor • Charles V pleased with the pope to call a Church council to end the crisis

13. 1531 • Ulrich Zwingli establishes Protestantism in Switzerland • Each Swiss canton can determine its own religion

14. 1534-1539 • Parliament passes the Act of Supremacy • Henry VIII is head of the Church of England • Parliament abolishes Catholic monasteries • Confiscation of Church lands and wealth • Redistributed to nobles who supported the Church of England

15. 1536 • John Calvin publishes the Institutes of the Christian Religion in the Swiss city of Basel • 1. Predestination • 2. Church government • Each congregation elected its minister • Disagreed with Luther that church should be subordinate to the state • Encouraged theocracy

16. 1539 • Parliament approved the Statute of the Six Articles • 1. The seven sacraments were upheld • 2. Catholic theology was maintained • 3.The authority of the monarch replaced the authority of the pope

17. 1540s • Calvinism spreads • Scotland – Presbyterians • France – Huguenots • England – Puritans and Pilgrims • Catholic Reformation begins • St. Ignatius Loyola establishes the Society of Jesus (Jesuits)

18. 1542 • Index of Prohibited Books was instituted in Catholic countries to keep heretical material out of the hands of the faithful

19. 1545-1563 • Council of Trent responds to Protestant threat • 1. Salvation is by faith and good works • 2. Seven sacraments, Transubstantiation • 3. Sources of authority: Bible, traditions of the Church, writings of the Church Fathers • Individuals cannot interpret the Bible without guidance from the Church • Vulgate is the only valid version of the Bible • 4. Monasticism, clerical celibacy, and purgatory were reaffirmed • 5. Indulgences upheld (sale prohibited), seminaries established

20. 1555 • Peace of Augsburg • German princes can choose their own religion and the religion of their subjects • Either Lutheranism or Catholicism

21. Results of the Protestant Reformation • 1. Northern Europe adopted Protestantism • 2. The unity of Western Christianity was shattered • 3. Religious wars • Protestantism encouraged democracy, science, and capitalism • Protestantism justified nationalism

22. Thirty Years’ War(1618-1648) • Four phases: • 1. Bohemian Phase (1618-1625) • 2. Danish Phase (1625-1630) • 3. Swedish Phase (1625-1630) • 4. French/International Phase (1635-1648)

23. Peace of Westphalia (1648) • 1. The Peace of Augsburg was reinstated • Calvinism added as a choice • 2. Edict of Restitution was revoked, guaranteeing former Church states to Protestant rulers • 3. Switzerland and Holland became independent • 4. France, Sweden, and Brandenburg (the future Prussia) gained territory • 5. German princes were made sovereign rulers, weakening the HRE

24. Effects of the Thirty Years’ War • Germany was devastated • Ages of religious wars ended • Hapsburgs were weakened • Catholic Reformation slowed • HRE ceased to be a viable political power • Calvinism gained acceptance • Anabaptists were presecuted

25. Women and Minorities • Women rose in status in Lutheran territories • Ministers could marry • Witch trials • Increased African slavery • Native Americans slaughtered

26. Baroque Art • In your face, overt Catholicism • A product of the Catholic Reformation