1 / 41

The History of Nicotine and Tobacco: From Early Use to Modern Regulation

Explore the evolution of nicotine and tobacco use from ancient traditions to modern regulations. Learn about the addictive nature, societal impacts, and changing perceptions of tobacco over time.

montev
Download Presentation

The History of Nicotine and Tobacco: From Early Use to Modern Regulation

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Nicotine and Tobacco Drugs and Our Society Part 14

  2. Nicotine and Tobacco • One of the most pervasive / destructive drugs known - entrenched in our culture - integral role in our history - “War of Independence” a. Efforts to regulate - latter part of 1800s b. Anti-tobacco legislation - characterized by two themes

  3. Nicotine / Tobacco, cont. - fire hazards - morality of smoking c. Beginning of 1900s - became less important - economic benefits associated - tobacco taxes source of revenue d. Today: $45 billion industry - significant revenue source (state / federal)

  4. Nicotine / Tobacco, cont. • 1995: FDA proposal to regulate - unsuccessful due to politics a. Current emphasis - control sale to minors - control promotion of cigarettes b. Rate of smoking declined: adult smoker - 50% less from 20 years ago

  5. Nicotine / Tobacco, cont. c. Perception of tobacco - increasingly negative - once viewed: “dirty habit” / “dirty practice” - now a “life-threatening addiction” • Nicotine: addictive ingredient - C. Everett Koop (former Surgeon General) - first official to warn of dangers - claimed: nicotine dependence powerful as heroin / cocaine dependence

  6. Nicotine / Tobacco, cont. a. Tobacco more available - can be considered more addictive b. 90% of all smokers = become addicted - alcohol also available - most drinkers do not become alcoholics • American Psychiatric Association - recognized dependency as a disorder - depression common - suicide: 100% higher than non-smokers

  7. Nicotine / Tobacco, cont. a. Comes from green tobacco plant - genus: Nicotiana - 60 species - only nicotiana rustica / tabacum smoked b. Tobacco from these plants are used in: - cigars / cigarettes - pipes - snuff - chewing tobacco

  8. Nicotine / Tobacco, cont. • History of tobacco use - stone carving / Southern Mexico / 600 – 900 AD - smoke blown through pipe a. Columbus travels - dried tobacco leaves as gifts (late 1400s) - returned with tobacco seeds / planted - became popular in Europe b. Believed to be medical treatment

  9. History, cont. - skin disease / injuries / internal disorders - cure diseases of eyes / nose / mouth - smoke could breath life into another person c. 1828: nicotine isolated - poisonous / addictive - medical value declined d. Next 30 years: - religious leaders / physicians /educators questioned the medical value

  10. History, cont. e. Attacked for causing problems in society - mental illness / delirium tremens / impotence - and sexual perversions f. Despite warnings: - tobacco use for pleasure flourished • Jamestown: early settlement in the colonies - early 1600s / brutal winters / food shortages - settlers prepared to abandon

  11. History, cont. a. John Rolfe - convinced to plant tobacco - crop flourished / Jamestown prospered b. Tobacco farming spread - established as valuable commodity - used as form of currency c. Financed by French government - funded Revolutionary War

  12. History, cont. • Late 1800s: cigarettes rolled by hand - 1883: invented rolling machine - started being massed produced a. 1891: Richard Joshua Reynolds (RJR) - saccharine in tobacco - sweeter / longer shelf life b. Also introduced Prince Albert (1907) - sterilized in licorice casing

  13. History, cont. - delightful / harmless tobacco d. Introduced other brands: - Camel - Turkish / domestic leaves - less expensive / highly popular e. Competition: - American Tobacco Co / Lucky Strike - Liggett and Meyers / Chesterfield

  14. History, cont. • Opposition escalated - first critic: Dr. Benjamin Rush (1798) - condemned for adverse health effects a. Women’s Christian Temperance Union - with others - supported controlling use / sale b. Several states banned sale to children - chewing / smoking

  15. History, cont. c. Wisconsin / Nebraska - possession illegal - both adults / children • Despite efforts: popularity continued - WWI: YMCA / US Army distributed to soldiers - after war: use escalated a. Morality / medical concerns took backseat - public desire first

  16. History, cont. - taxes contributed to revenue b. WWII - manufacturer’s donated to soldiers - patriotic gesture • Costs of Smoking - one factor to reduce demand - increase cost a. 1992: average tax = .62 cents

  17. Costs, cont. - states continue to raise - proceeds to government programs - smoking prevention / treatment / schools - Washington state, 2nd highest ($3.025) b. Lawsuit settlement - billions given to states - programs for anti-tobacco use - health care cost for tobacco related illness - “bartered” away

  18. Costs, cont. c. Sold half of award = get money now - offset state budget deficits d. Used in other programs - not going to anti-smoking - nor treatment for illness • Extent of tobacco use - 1975 – 2000: 62.5% high school seniors smoked - 11.3% half pack or more daily

  19. Extent, cont. a. Office on Smoking / Health - Center for Disease Control / Prevention b. 2003: more than 65% high school seniors - Caucasian = higher than Hispanic - African-Americans least likely c. Peaked in 1964 - Surgeon General’s Report - dangers of smoking

  20. Extent, cont. d. 1964 – today: - more than 43 million quit - continues to decline among adults e. Data confusing: - total number of smokers = increased - percentage has decreased - cigarettes smoked per capita: not decreased f. People who smoke tend to smoke heavily

  21. Extent, cont. g. Filters more popular than plain tip - 2% in 1952 - 60% in 1963 - 90% today h. Tar / nicotine sharply reduced - cause people to smoke more - seek same amount nicotine - inhale more deeply / hold in lungs longer - just smoke more cigarettes

  22. Demographics of Smoking • More adult males smoke - females gaining a. Manufacturer’s market to women - link to independence / equality - “Virginia Slims” b. College students - 28% recent increase - all ethnic groups

  23. Demographics, cont. - average starting age: 19 - 18%: 5 or more attempts to stop c. Teens: more likely if sibling smokes - high school or less: more likely than college - blue-collar: more likely than white-collar • Women / smoking - differences diminishing a. 22% women smoke / 26% men (4%)

  24. Demographics, cont. - 1965: 52% men / 34% women (18%) b. Level of education (correlation) - through 11th grade: 3 times more likely - than women with 16 years / more c. Since 1980: over 3 million women died - prematurely from related diseases d. Reduces life by 14 years

  25. Demographics, cont. e. 25% of all cancer deaths • Tobacco Use by Young People - begin during childhood / adolescence - 89%: initiated by age 19 a. Average 2 / 3 years to become regular smoker - earlier in life - more likely regular smoker b. Study of childhood smokers:

  26. Young People, cont. - 4%: 3rd / 4th grade students - 42%: 8th / 9th grade students - most experimental - 8th / 9th grades: 9% current smokers - mean age to start: 12.5 years c. Teenage rates gone up - as advertising expenditures go up - 3 times more responsive than adults d. 89% start as teenagers

  27. Young People, cont. e. 14.9% age 12 – 17 current smokers (21/2 mil) - currently smoke: more likely to use drugs Nicotine Tolerance / Dependence • Build up tolerance quickly / matter of weeks a. Continue to use: it is addictive - usually associate with narcotics - ignore nicotine addictiveness b. Effects: highly reinforcing

  28. Tolerance / Dependence, cont. - reaches brain in seconds c. Not last long in body - to compensate: light up another - characteristic: other forms of addiction d. Develop tolerance - need more nicotine - strong desire: continued use - if not: undergo withdrawals

  29. Tolerance / Dependence, cont. • Rituals – become ingrained - light up after eating - talking on phone - driving vehicle - after sex a. Symptoms of withdrawal - not fatal - varies - uncomfortable

  30. Tolerance / Dependence b. Proportional to intake - more nicotine / greater withdrawal (1) Most acute: 24 to 48 hours after ending - craving: last weeks / months / years (2) Symptoms: - lower heart rate / blood pressure / heart palpitations / difficulty maintaining attention / aggressiveness / insomnia / tremors / hunger / headaches / fatigue

  31. Pharmacology • Nicotine - 6000 chemical substances in tobacco smoke - insecticide - carcinogenic a. Stimulant - similar to amphetamines / cocaine (1) Injected intravenously - 5 to 10 times more reinforcing than cocaine

  32. Pharmacology, cont. (2) Absorbed immediately by lungs - brain: 10 seconds - feel effects every inhale (3) Quickly distributed in body - traverses blood / brain - placenta pregnant women = fetus - breast milk b. Liver metabolizes

  33. Pharmacology, cont. - almost all before kidney excretion - stays: 8 to 12 hours • Passive smoke - involuntary / environmental / second-hand - detrimental effects: not limited to smokers a. Indoor pollution - home / workplace b. Blamed for 3,800 lung cancer deaths yearly

  34. Passive Smoke, cont. - 8,000 to 26,000 asthma cases in children - extent of harm: degree of exposure - emotional discomfort around smokers c. Classified: mainstream / sidestream (1) Mainstream - smoke exhaled - 58% nitrogen/13% carbon dioxide/12 % oxygen/8% particles (nicotine, tar, waxes dyes)/3.5% carbon mono./0.5% hydrogen

  35. Passive, cont. (2) Sidestream - comes from burning end of product - not pass through filter - hotter temperature - more nicotine / carbon monoxide c. Laws against smoking in public places - precipitated by effects of sidestream smoke 2. Effects on non-smokers

  36. Effects, cont. - besides irritating nose / eyes - passive causes significant health problems a. Linked to: lung / urinary tract problems - also liver / pancreatic cancers - increase in breast cancer b. Lung cancer: higher living with smoker - smoke at work increases risk (bar / restaurant) - 3 times more likely

  37. Effects, cont. c. EPA (1993): secondhand smoke a carcinogen - 1998 smoking prohibited California bars/taverns - NYC passed ban on smoking in public places d. Effects on children - more likely: respiratory infections - colds / bronchitis / pneumonia (1) 17% lung cancer deaths - high levels of exposure

  38. Effects, cont. (2) Women who smoke during pregnancy - children exhibit impulsiveness / risk-taking / rebelliousness 3. Rights of smokers vs. nonsmokers - difficult to balance a. Anti-smoking legislation - federal (1998): minimum age of 18 to buy - under age 27 must show ID

  39. Rights, cont. (1) Occurred because: - local laws passed - 1,000 local ordinances (2) Tobacco petitioned state legislators - 75% support measures to limit - sales / possession (3) Laws vary: - Greensboro, NC = restricted smoking

  40. Rights, cont. - San Francisco = no smoking in public / private workplaces - Massachusetts = police / fire fighters - Vermont = raised taxes .26 pack - Washington = .50 cents - Congress = 1 of 4 warnings (rotate) - Depts. Of Labor / Defense = smoking ban (4) Airlines (1990) - no smoking = domestic flights

  41. Rights, cont. - flights shorter than 6 hours b. Companies / corporations - passed non-smoking policies c. Local governments - will not hire smokers - upheld d. Tobacco settlement - $206 billion / over 25 year period

More Related