1 / 42

Chapter Seven

Chapter Seven. Nonvisual Sensation and Perception. CHAPTER 7 NONVISUAL SENSATION AND PERCEPTION. Audition. Sound as a Physical Stimulus Intensity Amplitude of sound wave Sound waves vary from quiet whisper to rock band Logarithmic scale of sound intensity Frequency

montana-irwin
Download Presentation

Chapter Seven

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Chapter Seven Nonvisual Sensation and Perception

  2. CHAPTER 7NONVISUAL SENSATION AND PERCEPTION

  3. Audition • Sound as a Physical Stimulus • Intensity • Amplitude of sound wave • Sound waves vary from quiet whisper to rock band • Logarithmic scale of sound intensity • Frequency • Number of cycles per unit of time, wavelength of a sound stimulus • Pitch determined by the wave having the lowest frequency (fundamental frequency) • Timbre, or quality, determined by additional waves • Ultrasound: Frequencies above 20,000 Hz • Infrasound: Frequencies less than 20 Hz

  4. Figure 7.2 The Auditory World Differs Across Species

  5. Table 7.1 Sounds Vary Along the Dimensions of Amplitude, Frequency, and Complexity

  6. Table 7.2 Intensity Levels of Common Sounds

  7. Audition • The Structure and Function of the Auditory System • The Outer Ear – pinna and auditory canal • The Middle Ear – eardrum, ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes), tympanic membrane, oval window • The Inner Ear – semicircular canal, cochlea

  8. Figure 7.4 The Anatomy of the Ear

  9. Figure 7.5 The Cochlea

  10. Figure 7.6 Sound Frequencies Are Translated by the Basilar Membrane

  11. Figure 7.7 The Movement of the Cilia Regulates Neurotransmitter Release by Hair Cells

  12. Audition • The Structure and Function of the Auditory System • Central Auditory Pathways • Dorsal and ventral cochlear nucleus of the medulla • Superior olive • Inferior colliculus • Medial geniculate nucleus (MGN) of the thalamus • The Auditory Cortex • Primary auditory cortex – columns respond to single frequencies • Secondary auditory cortex – activated by complex stimuli

  13. Figure 7.8 Auditory Pathways from the Cochlea to the Cortex

  14. Figure 7.9 Tonotopic Organization is Maintained by the Auditory Cortex

  15. Audition • Auditory Perception • Pitch Perception • Due to frequency, intensity and context of stimulus • Tonotopic organization • Loudness Perception • Decibel level describes physical qualities of sound stimulus • Loudness is human perception of that stimulus • Equal loudness contours • Localization of Sound • Comparison of arrival times of sounds at each ear and differences in intensities important for horizontal plane • Pinna important for localizing sound in vertical plane

  16. Figure 7.10 Equal Loudness Contours

  17. Figure 7.11 We Localize Sound by Comparing Arrival Times at Both Ears

  18. Hearing Disorders • Age-related hearing loss • Poor circulation to the inner ear • Effects of exposure to loud noise • Conduction loss • Loss due to damage to inner ear, auditory pathways, or auditory cortex

  19. The Body Senses • Vestibular System • Movement Receptors of the inner ear • Semicircular canals • Otolith organs: Utricle and Saccule • Central Pathways • Axons originating in otolith organs and semicircular canals • Ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus • Primary somatosensory cortex and primary motor cortex

  20. Figure 7.13 The Vestibular Structures of the Inner Ear

  21. The Body Senses • Touch • Hairy skin and glabrous skin (hairless) • Layers • Epidermis • Dermis • Subcutaneous tissue • Touch Receptors – mechanoreceptors • Touch Pathways

  22. Figure 7.14 Mechanoreceptors of the Skin

  23. Table 7.3 Major Features of the Mechanoreceptors

  24. Figure 7.15 Two-Point Discrimination Thresholds

  25. Figure 7.16 The Four Classes of Sensory Axons Differ in Size and Speed

  26. Figure 7.17 Dermatomes Are Areas of Skin Served by the Dorsal Roots of One Spinal Segment

  27. Figure 7.19 Somatosensory Information Is Sent to the Ventral Posterior and Intralaminar Nuclei of the Thalamus

  28. The Body Senses • Touch • Somatosensory Cortex • Primary somatosensory cortex found in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe • Secondary somatosensory cortex found in posterior parietal lobe • Plasticity of Touch • Somatosensory cortex rearranges itself in response to changes in the amount of input it receives • Somatosensory Disorders

  29. Figure 7.20 Somatosensory Cortex

  30. Figure 7.21 Drawings of a Patient with Neglect Syndrome

  31. The Body Senses • Temperature • Thermoreceptors • Cold fibers • Warm fibers • Share pathways with sense of pain

  32. Figure 7.22 Responses by Cold and Warm Fibers

  33. The Body Senses • Pain • A Purpose for Pain • Receptors for Pain • Nociceptors • Chemicals that activate nociceptors • Pain Pathways to the Brain • Ascending pain fibers (A and C) • Substance P • Substantia gelatinosa, spinothalamic pathway, ventral posterior (VP) nucleus of the thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, somatosensory cortex • Managing Pain

  34. Figure 7.23 Ascending Pain Pathways

  35. Figure 7.24 Descending Messages Influence Pain

  36. Figure 7.26 Olfactory Information Travels from the Epithelium to the Brain

  37. The Chemical Senses • Taste • Taste Receptors • Found on tongue and other areas of the mouth • Papilla contain taste buds • Taste buds have 50-150 receptor cells • Taste Pathways • Taste fibers in tongue form parts of cranial nerves VII, IX, and X • Gustatory nucleus of the medulla • Ventral posterior medial (VPM) nucleus of the thalamus • Gustatory cortex in the parietal lobe • Orbitofrontal cortex in the frontal lobe

  38. Figure 7.27 The Taste Receptors

  39. Figure 7.28 Taste Pathways to the Brain

More Related