Cities and Climate Change: A Call to Action

2. Cities and Climate Change Zuzana Vuova Surabaya 12-16 November 2018

3. Climate Change Quiz

4. Cities and Climate Change Zuzana Vuova Surabaya 12-16 November 2018

5. Presentation Overview • Defining climate change • Cities & climate change • Climate change: a call to action • Integrating climate change into urban development • Climate change strategies: a 3-pronged approach • Case Study • Conclusion PRESENTATION TITLE, Date, VenueConference Name

6. 1 • Part One • Defining climate change

7. Climate change a gradual change in the global temperature caused by the accumulation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere Current increase in the global average temperature: +1,4 °C + 2 °C is considered to be dangerous and is expected to be reached by 2036 Source: https://www.wunderground.com/climate/facts.asp

8. No regions are immune to rising temperatures Source: UN Habitat “Planning for Climate Change” 2014

9. Global implications of climate change Melting polar ice results in change in overall global climate and sea level rise Melting of glaciers affects future fresh water availability Change in rain & drought patterns results in extreme weather events: hurricanes, tropical storms, heavy precipitation, extreme droughts, etc. Increased levels of CO2 in the ocean increases the acidity affecting sea life Change in biodiversity and loss of ecosystems

10. Since the industrial revolution human emissions of GHG have increased dramatically Urban areas in the developed world are main source of GHG emissions. Source: https://www.epa.gov/climate-change-science/causes-climate-change http://arctic-news.blogspot.nl/2016/01/greenhouse-gas-levels-and-temperatures-keep-rising.html

11. CO2 emissions per country (2013) Countries are sized to show their annual CO2 emissions from fossil fuel use and cement production. Colour refers to CO2 emissions per capita Source: https://www.carbonmap.org/#Emissions

12. World GHG Emissions flow chart (2012) Source: ASN Bank & Ecofys

13. 2 • Part Two • Cities and climate change

14. Cities are both contributors and victims of climate change Cities CONTRIBUTE over 70%of the GHG emissions causing climate change Cities are VULNERABLEto the EFFECTSof climate change Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change

15. Cities are both contributors and victims of climate change Cities CONTRIBUTE over 70% of the GHG emissions causing climate change Cities are VULNERABLEto the EFFECTSof climate change Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change

16. Cities contribute through electricity generation • Cities consume 78% of the world’s energy • Fossil fuels continue to be the main fuels used for generating electricity • Need for clean technologies and/or energy efficiency measures Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change; New Climate Economy 2014; World Cities report 2016, WRI

17. Cities contribute through urban transport Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change; New Climate Economy 2014; World Cities report 2016; WRI Estimated to contribute 13% to global GHG emissions Prevalence of private transport infrastructure & urban sprawl Insufficient regulatory frameworks to encourage the use of clean technologies and fuels

18. Cities contribute through building & construction • Estimated to contribute 25% to global GHG emissions • Major emitters during construction based on the materials used and construction waste. • During operation the energy they consume for heating, cooling and lighting is the main source of emissions Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change; New Climate Economy 2014; World Cities report 2016; WRI

19. Cities contribute through urban expansion • Land use practices that exacerbate global warming (e.g. deforestation)are often driven by urban expansion or consumption patterns. • Land occupied by cities is expected to triple between 2000 and 2030 - This is equivalent to adding an area bigger than Manhattan every day • Loss of arable land, ecosystems, natural protection Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change; New Climate Economy 2014; World Cities report 2016; WRI

20. Cities contribute through waste Source: www.ccacoalition.org/en/initiatives/waste Landfills account for approximately 11% of estimated global methane emissions, equivalent to nearly 800 megatonnes of CO2per year Open burning of uncollected or illegally landfilled waste and transport of waste by outdated heavy-duty vehicles is an important source of CO2

21. Cities are both contributors and victims of climate change Cities CONTRIBUTE 60% of the GHG emissions causing climate change Cities are VULNERABLEto the EFFECTSof climate change Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change

22. Cities are vulnerable to the effects of climate change Source: UN-Habitat. World Cities Report: 2016 The impacts and threats vary between cities and depend on: Geographic location Specific geographic features Sensitivity Vulnerable populations

23. Flooding – sea-level rise Due to glacial and polar ice melt and warming of the oceans 13 % of the world’s urban population (~ 360 million people) live in the low elevation coastal zones 10-million people are currently affected each year by coastal flooding Source: http://www.oecd.org/environment/future-flood-losses-in-major-coastal-cities.htm

24. Flooding – Increased rainfall Intense, heavy rainfall events are likely to increase in frequency and magnitude Cities at risk: • large amount of impermeable surfaces (roads, buildings, paved areas) • Inadequate storm sewer and drainage systems Increased health risks due to potential flow of raw sewage into flood water

25. Flooding – river flooding Increased and intensified rainfall from storms will lead to higher incidences of overflowing rivers Cities in low lying areas and river deltas are at risk

26. Flood risk forecasts US$1trillion Projected cost to coastal cities without adaptation Picture credit: EcoWatch Top 5 cities with highest projected loss in 2050: Guangzhou (China), Mumbai (India), Kolkata (India), Guayaquil (Ecuador), Shenzhen (China) Source: Nature; Future flood losses in major coastal cities , 2013

27. Water scarcity Today 150 million people worldwide live in cities with perennial water shortages: • cities move about 130 billion gallons of water per day a distance of nearly 17,000 miles. • 41% of Earth’s land area acts as a funnel for urban regions, gathering rainfall and directing it toward the 3.9 billion people who live in cities. Most urban growth will occur in Africa and Asia in areas already coping with water scarcity, due to limited water infrastructure and droughts & floods By 2050, urban growth and climate change will lead to perennial water shortages for more than 1 billion people. Rural migration from water scarce areas to cities Source: https://www.nature.org/magazine/archives/the-urban-water-crisis.xml

28. Urban Heat Island Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change City’s buildings, roofs, paved areas and other infrastructure hold and retain solar heat This increases the urban temperature relative to surrounding rural areas, which have more green space and less heat absorbing materials Cities will be subject to more frequent and intense heat waves: • short-term increase in mortality for the elderly and very young • Increase demand for energy for cooling

29. Effects of climate change in Asia • 1 out of every 3 disasters occur in Asia • 9 out of 10 most populated cities is in the region • 215 bn – flood related damage in South Asia by 2030

30. Other effects of climate change to cities • Displacement of vulnerable people and increased internal and international migration • Reduced food production through changes in precipitation patterns and temperature • Change in income from tourism through changing temperatures, disruptions to transport networks, and sea-level rise • Damage to buildings & infrastructure will impact economic development

31. Discussion question Discuss with your neighbour if your city is mainly a contributor or a victim of climate change,or both?

32. Climate change vulnerability Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change. 2014

33. Particularly vulnerable groups in cities • Urban Poor • Elderly, Women & Children

34. Call to action – the Sustainable Development Goals Urgent action to combat climate change and minimize its disruptions is integral to the successful implementation of the Sustainable Development Goals

35. Specific targets at city level: SDG 11 Target 11.2: By 2030, provide access to safe, affordable, accessible and sustainable transport systems for all Target 11.3: By 2030, enhance inclusive and sustainable urbanization Indicator: Ratio of land consumption rate to population growth rate 11.5: By 2030, significantly reduce the social and economic impact of disasters, including water-related disasters, with a focus on protecting the poor and people in vulnerable situations 11.6: By 2030, reduce the adverse per capita environmental impact of cities 11.b: By 2020, substantially increase the number of cities and human settlements adopting and implementing integrated policies and plans towards inclusion, resource efficiency, mitigation and adaptation to climate change, resilience to disasters, and develop and implement, in line with the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015-2030, holistic disaster risk management at all levels 11.c: Support least developed countries, including through financial and technical assistance, in building sustainable and resilient buildings utilizing local materials

36. Call to action – The New Urban Agenda “We envisage cities and human settlements that: ….. (g) adopt and implement disaster risk reduction and management, reduce vulnerability, build resilience and responsiveness to natural and man-made hazards, and foster mitigation and adaptation to climate change; (h) protect, conserve, restore, and promote their ecosystems, water, natural habitats, and biodiversity, minimize their environmental impact, and change to sustainable consumption and production patterns.”

37. Call to action – The New Urban Agenda “We envisage cities and human settlements that: ….. (g) adopt and implement disaster risk reductionand management, reduce vulnerability, build resilience and responsiveness to natural and man-made hazards, and foster mitigation and adaptation to climate change; (h) protect, conserve, restore, and promote their ecosystems, water, natural habitats, and biodiversity, minimize their environmental impact, and change to sustainable consumption and production patterns.”

38. Call to action – The New Urban Agenda The NUA proposes three transformative commitments to sustainable urbanization:

39. Call to action – The New Urban Agenda The NUA proposes three transformative commitments to sustainable urbanization:

40. Call to action… or more action? … but IPCC Report 2018: Need to keep it to 1.5% to avoid a disaster Paris Agreement 2015: “Climate action in and by cities, towns and regions will be instrumental in ensuring that we stay on a 2 degrees Celsius pathway, aiming for 1.5 degree Celsius” Secretary General of ICLEI – Gino Van Begin

41. Part Four Integrating climate change into urban development 4

42. Climate Change action strategies Climate Change Mitigation Actions that cities develop to help reduce human-generated GHG emissions Climate Change Adaptation The process through which communities prepare to cope with the potential effects of climate change A city with more adaptive capacity is a more resilient city: able to better withstand, manage and reduce climate change vulnerabilities Climate Change adaptation and Climate Change mitigationmeasures often have parallel gains! Source: UN Habitat. Planning for climate change. 2014

43. Mitigation and Parallel gains ‘Vertical Forest’ in Milan helps to reduce urban heat island effect… while mitigating climate change by absorbing CO2 & producing oxygen Photo credit: Paolo Rosselli

44. Adaptation Case in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia

45. Floating Handypots in Tonle Sap Lake, Cambodia

46. Amphibious Handypots in Cambodia The system had to be adapted to droughts and water levels decreasing. Outreach activities also had to adapt to the local realities.

47. Fog Catchers in Peru In the desert city Lima, water is a scarcity for its continuous swell of migrants settling on the hills around the city. Using it’s 98% humidity, these four-by-six-metre bamboo and metal frames draped with a thick mesh, help poor migrant families to a daily supply of 50 – 150 liters of water.

48. Examples of Mitigation strategies Reducing motorized transport dependency by: • A compact, mixed-use and walkable city model • Increase Public transport and bicycle use • Car sharing models Reducing fossil fuel dependency: • Energy efficient building & construction • Renewable energy generation Improving waste management: • Improving the collection, separation and disposal of solid waste reduces the total amount of waste that is burned or landfilled • Capturing methane from landfills can harness a locally available source of energy that would otherwise be wasted Source: Adapted from UN Habitat. Planning for climate change. 2014

49. Examples of Adaptation strategies Minimizing risk and improving land development activities occurring in areas that are in or near coastal, slope or flood areas; Improving infrastructure, for example for storm water management and solid and liquid waste management, water management strategies; Protecting ecosystems and environmentally sensitive areas in urban and peri-urban areas and expand urban green space; Improving disaster risk reduction; Encouraging local economic development. Source: Adapted from UN Habitat. Planning for climate change. 2014

50. Typical climate action planning process ADAPTATION MITIGATION Mainstreaming climate change into into existing plans and legislation