1 / 31

Computer Architecture Fundamentals

Learn the basics of computer architecture, software-hardware interface, and processor design. Explore computer system components for better performance and career potential. Understand numerical systems, conversion between bases, signed number representations, and more for computer science majors.

mmcconnell
Download Presentation

Computer Architecture Fundamentals

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. CDA 3100 Spring 2010

  2. Special Thanks • Thanks to Dr. Xiuwen Liu for letting me use his class slides and other materials as a base for this course

  3. Class organization • My name is Zhenghao Zhang • Why I am teaching this course: I worked for two years as an embedded system engineer, writing codes for embedded controllers. • Class web page • http://www.cs.fsu.edu/~zzhang/CDA3100_Spring 2010.htm CDA3100

  4. Class Communication • This class will use class web site to post news, changes, and updates. So please check the class website regularly • Please also make sure that you check your emails on the account on your University record CDA3100

  5. Required Textbook • The required textbook for this class is • “Computer Organization and Design” • The hardware/software interface • By David A. Patterson and John L. Hennessy • Fourth Edition CDA3100

  6. Lecture Notes and Textbook • All the materials that you will be tested on will be covered in the lectures • Even though you may need to read the textbook for review and further detail explanations • The lectures will be based on the textbook and handouts distributed in class CDA3100

  7. What you will learn to answer (among other things) • How does the software instruct the hardware to perform the needed functions • What is going on in the processor • How a simple processor is designed

  8. Why This Class Important? • If you want to create better computers • It introduces necessary concepts, components, and principles for a computer scientist • By understanding the existing systems, you may create better ones • If you want to build software with better performance • If you want to have a good choice of jobs • If you want to be a real computer science major CDA3100

  9. Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate http://www.jobweb.com/studentarticles.aspx?id=904&terms=starting+salary CDA3100

  10. Career Potential for a Computer Science Graduate Source: NACE Fall 2005 Report(http://www.jobweb.com/resources/library/Careers_In/Starting_Salary_51_01.htm) CDA3100

  11. Computer System Overview • A computer system consists of hardware and software that are combined to provide a tool to solve problems (with best performance) • Hardware includes CPU, memory, disks, screen, keyboard, mouse ... • Software includes • System software • A general environment to create specific applications • Application software • A tool to solve a specific problem CDA3100

  12. Steps to Run a C Program – First, compiling it into machine code CDA3100

  13. Steps to Run a C Program • Then we need to run the program • The operating system locates where the program is • Then it loads the program into memory • The instructions in the program are then executed one by one • When the program is done, the operating system then releases the memory and other resources allocated to the program CDA3100

  14. Opening the Box CDA3100

  15. A Pentium 4 Processor Chip CDA3100

  16. Numbers • Numbers are abstraction of quantities • http://www.debtclock.com/ • How do we represent these quantities? CDA3100

  17. We humans naturally use a particular numbering system Decimal Numbering System CDA3100

  18. Decimal Numbering System • For any nonnegative integer , its value is given by • Here d0 is the least significant digit and dn is the most significant digit CDA3100

  19. General Numbering System – Base X • Besides 10, we can use other bases as well • In base X, the value of CDA3100

  20. Commonly Used Bases • Note that other bases are used as well including 12 and 60 • Which one is natural to computers? • Why? CDA3100

  21. Meaning of a Number Representation • When we specify a number, we need also to specify the base • For example, 10 presents a different quantity in a different base •  • There are 10 kinds of mathematicians. Those who can think binarily and those who can't... http://www.math.ualberta.ca/~runde/jokes.html CDA3100

  22. Conversion between Representations • Now we can represent a quantity in different number representations • How can we convert a decimal number to binary? • How can we then convert a binary number to a decimal one? CDA3100

  23. Conversion Between Bases • From binary to decimal example CDA3100

  24. Conversion Between Bases • Converting from decimal to binary: • given a number in decimal, repeatedly divide it by 2, and write down the remainder from right to the left, until the quotient is 0 • Example: 11.

  25. Signed Numbers • How to represent negative numbers? • Sign and magnitude • We use an additional bit to represent the sign of the number • If the sign bit is 1, it represents a negative number • If the sign bit is 0, it represents a positive number • How about zero then? • There are other shortcomings of this representation • Related to the hardware implementation of adders • An extra step is required in general to set the sign since the proper sign can not be determined in advance • It is not widely used for integer representations CDA3100

  26. Signed Numbers • Two’s complement • The negative of a two’s complement is given by inverting each bit from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0 and then adding 1 CDA3100

  27. 2’s complement • In any computer, if numbers are represented in n bits, the non-negative numbers are from 0000…00 to 0111…11, the negative numbers are from 1000…00 to 1111…11.

  28. The positive half from 0 to 2,147,483,647 • The negative half from -2,147,483,648 to -1

  29. Two’s Complement Representation • Properties • All negative numbers have a 1 in the most significant bit • Hardware only needs to test this bit to see if a number is positive or negative • The leading bit is often called the sign bit • For , the decimal value is CDA3100

  30. Why use 2’s complement? • For example, consider 01101 +(– 00011) = 01101 – 00011 = 01010 (13-3=10 in decimal). • 01101 – 00011 = 01101 + 100000 – 00011 – 100000 = 01101 + (100000 – 00011) – 100000 = 01101 + 11101 – 100000 = 101010 – 100000 = 01010 • 11101 is the 2’s complement of 00011. • Means that computer (the adder) does not have to be specifically redesigned for dealing with negative numbers, make life easier for the computer • The reason is, assume you are subtracting a with b , where 2^{n}>a>b>0. Note that a-b=a+2^{n+1}-b-2^{n+1}. But 2^{n+1}-b is the 2’s complement of b. Also note that 2^{n}>a-b>0. So if represented in binary forms, a+2^{n+1}-b will be having a 1 bit in bit n+1 and some thing in bit 0 to bit n-1 equal to a-b. Bit n will be 0. So you take what is in bit 0 to bit n and it must be a-b.

More Related