Prince William Composite Squadron Col M. T. McNeely

1. CIVIL AIR PATROL PRESENTS The CAP-STK Aerospace Education Program INTRO TO SPACECOURSE Presentation for AGI Users Conference Prince William Composite Squadron Col M. T. McNeely …using AGI’s Satellite Tool Kit

2. Why is this important? • Intro to Space will enhance CAP Aerospace Education • Program • Broaden cadet’s knowledge of Space and Satellite operations • Cadet will gain an understanding of a variety of • Space fundamentals • Orbital Mechanics • Types of Orbits • Placing a Satellite in Orbit • Conducting Satellite Operations • Stimulate interest in the ‘Final Frontier’: THE FUTURE!!

3. ORBITAL MECHANICSLesson Plan 1 - Part 1 • Origins • Physical Laws • Requirements for Injection • Classifications of Orbits • Coordinate Reference Systems • Orbital Elements

4. PHYSICAL LAWSKepler’s 2nd Law: Law of Equal Areas

5. T4 T3 T5 T2 A4 A3 T1 A5 A2 A1 T6 A6 PHYSICAL LAWSKepler’s 2nd Law: Law of Equal Areas The line joining the planet to the center of the sun sweeps out equal areas in equal times

6. F F PHYSICAL LAWSNewton’s 2nd Law: Law of Momentum • Change in momentum is proportional to and in the direction of the force applied • Momentum equals mass x velocity • Change in momentum gives: F = ma

7. INJECTION REQUIREMENTSSpeed 17,500 mi/hr 100 miles

8. ORBITAL ELEMENTSKeplerian Elements • Semi-Major Axis (Size) • Eccentricity (Shape) • Inclination • Right Ascension • Argument of Perigee • Epoch Time (Location within orbit) • True Anomaly (Orientation)

9. ORBIT CLASSIFICATIONShape (Conic Sections) Circle Ellipse

10. e = 0.75 e = .45 e = 0 ORBIT CLASSIFICATIONSEccentricity Eccentricity = c/a

11. ORBITAL ELEMENTSKeplerian Elements: Inclination Equatorial Plane Inclination ( i ) Orbital Plane

12. i Line of Nodes First Point of Aries () Right Ascension of the Ascending Node () ORBITAL ELEMENTSKeplerian Elements: Right Ascension

13. i Line of Nodes  ORBITAL ELEMENTSKeplerian Elements: Argument of Perigee Argument of Perigee () 

14. ORBITAL MECHANICSLesson Plan 1 - Part 2 • Ground Tracks • Perturbations • Launch Considerations • Orbital Maneuvers • De-orbit/Decay

15. Ground TracksWestward Regression - Earth rotates east under a satellite => satellite appears to walk west - Earth rotates 360 degrees in 24 hours (15 degrees per hour)

16. Ground TracksWestward Regression C B A -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 A - time zero B - after one orbit C - after two orbits

17. Ground tracks Inclination 60 30 45N 0 30 60 45S Inclination = 45 degrees Eccentricity ~ 0

18. Ground TracksEccentricity Ground Track for Molnyia orbit eccentricity = .7252

19. PERTURBATIONS • Definition • A disturbance in the regular motion of a satellite • Types • Gravitational • Atmospheric Drag • Third Body Effects • Solar Wind/Radiation Effects • Electro-magnetic

20. PERTURBATIONSGravitational: Libration • Ellipticity of the Earth causes gravity wells and hills • Stable points: 75E and 105W -- Himalayas and Rocky Mountains • Unstable points: 165E and 5W -- Marshall Islands and Portugal • Drives the requirement for stationkeeping

21. PERTURBATIONSElectro-Magnetic • Interaction between the Earth’s magnetic field and the satellite’s electro-magnetic field results in magnetic drag

22. LAUNCH CONSIDERATIONSLaunch Windows • The period of time during which a satellite can be launched directly into a specific orbital plane from a specific launch site • Window duration driven by safety, fuel requirements, desired injection points, etc. • Window is centered around optimal launch time

23. DE-ORBIT/DECAY • De-Orbit is the controlled re-entry of a satellite to a specific location • Used for the recovery of payload • Manned missions • Decay is uncontrolled re-entry • Potential impact anywhere along ground track • Re-entry Assessment (by Cheyenne Mountain)

24. TYPES OF ORBITSLesson Plan 2 • Types of Satellites and Missions • Satellites vs Orbits • Use STK to Evaluate Orbit Type vs Mission Requirement

25. TYPES OF ORBITS -Uses of Satellites • Daily Uses of Satellites • Big Picture • Affects of Altitude

26. TYPES OF ORBITS -Uses of Satellites GPS Receiver Used in Search and Rescue Missions

27. TYPES OF ORBITS • LEO • MEO • HEO • GEO

28. PLACING A SATELLITE IN ORBITLesson Plan 3 • How Satellites are Launched • Location Advantages of Two Primary Launch Sites • Purpose of a Hohmann Transfer • Use STK to Demonstrate Concepts

29. PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT • Booster Types DELTA II

30. PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT • Booster Types ATLAS 2AS

31. PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT • Booster Types TITAN IV

32. PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT • Booster Types TAURUS

33. PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT • Booster Types The SHUTTLE BOOSTER

34. PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT • Booster Types PEGASUS

35. PLACING SATELLITES IN ORBIT • Launch Constraints

36. CONDUCTING SATELLITE OPERATIONSLesson Plan 4 • Basic Elements of a Space System • Space System Functions • Access • STK Demonstrations

37. SATELLITE OPERATIONSFUNCTIONS • GPS Example

38. EXERCISESLesson Plan 5 • Apply Knowledge Concepts to Problems and Formulate Solutions • Demonstrate with STK

39. INTRO TO SPACESUMMARY • Classroom Presentations using Powerpoint • Demonstrate with STK • Let’s Demo !! The world of Space Operations awaits you!!