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Overview of Eukaryotic Transcription, Operons, and Key Biochemical Processes

This review covers critical aspects of eukaryotic transcription, focusing on the mechanisms of RNA polymerase function, the role of chromatin, and the significance of general transcription factors. It also delves into the operon model, highlighting three genes related to lactose metabolism. Additionally, key biochemical processes such as glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and nitrogen metabolism are explored. Understanding these concepts is essential for comprehending gene regulation, enzyme kinetics, and metabolic pathways in biological systems.

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Overview of Eukaryotic Transcription, Operons, and Key Biochemical Processes

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  1. Final Review C483 Spring 2013

  2. Replication

  3. Transcription

  4. Nonspecific binding One-dimensional promoter search Holoenzyme and promoter form closed complex Open complex allows initiation Sigma subunit released; promoter is cleared and elongation starts

  5. Eukaryotic Transcription • Multiple RNA Polymerases—compartmentalization • General Transcription Factors • Role of Chromatin • mRNA processing

  6. Operon • Three genes for three proteins controlled by single promoter region (operon) B-galactosidase (hydrolyse lactose) Lactose permease Thiogalactoside transacetylase Lac repressor (not part of operon)

  7. Translation

  8. Overview • Genetic Code • tRNA structure • Aminoacyl-tRNAsynthetase • Ribosome structure • Next lecture: initiation, elongation, termination

  9. tRNAPhe

  10. Question Distribution • Comprehensive (chapters 1-19) • Approximately 2-3 questions/chapter • Study questions from lectures • Major in the majors • Be able to apply major principles • Chapters 20-22 • Approximately 5-6 questions per chapter

  11. Chapter Overviews • Compartmentalization • IMF, acid/base, pH and buffers • Amino acids and primary structure • Protein structure and Hemoglobin • Enzyme kinetics, Inhibitors, allosteric • Catalytic mechanisms, serine protease

  12. 7. Function of coenzymes 8. Structure of carbohydrates 9. Membranes and signal transduction • Free energy, standard free energy, ATP • Glycolysis chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation • Gluconeogenesis, PPP, glycogen metabolism chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation • Citric acid cycle chemistry, energy, purpose, regulation

  13. Electron transport, ATP synthase, P/O ratio • purpose of light reactions, dark reactions • energetics of FA synthesis and degradation • nitrogen processing, catabolism of AA • medical applications of nucleotide metabolism • nucleic acid structure on atomic level

  14. Major Principles • Chemical Structure • Structure-Function relationship • Thermodynamics of reactions • Kinetics (catalysis) of reactions • Cofactors and high energy bonds • Purpose/outcomes of process • Regulation of pathway related to purpose

  15. Major Enzymes • You should be able to figure out what many enzymes do by their names IF you know your basic biochemistry • Substrate structures • Dehydrogenase, carboxylase, kinase, protease, phosphorylase, phosphatase

  16. Key Metabolites • Know structures; associate with pathway • Glucose, glucose-6-P, DHAP, PEP, pyruvate, acetyl CoA, ribulose, UDP-glucose, glycogen, oxaloacetate, a-ketoglutarate • Amino acids, nucleotides

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