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LIFE SCIENCE REVIEW

LIFE SCIENCE REVIEW. Basic Categories of Important Stuff cell structure evolution ecology & ecosystems genetics cell processes classifications human body systems. Cell Structure. Main Differences. Plant has large vacuole (looks like swimming pool)

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LIFE SCIENCE REVIEW

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  1. LIFE SCIENCE REVIEW Basic Categories of Important Stuff • cell structure • evolution • ecology & ecosystems • genetics • cell processes • classifications • human body systems

  2. Cell Structure

  3. Main Differences • Plant has large vacuole (looks like swimming pool) • Plant has a cell wall (outside edge will have 2 layers) • Plants have chloroplasts (oval structures near edge) • Plants typically shown with straight edges

  4. Jobs of Structures • Nucleus - brain of the cell, holds all the DNA (round, center) • Mitochondria - powerhouse, produces the energy • Endoplasmic Reticulum - transport system (surrounds nucleus) • Cytoplasm - gel where all the organelles are found • Cell Wall - protection for a plant cell • Cell Membrane - allows substances in and out of cell • Chloroplasts - collects sunlight for photosynthesis (usually lined up inside the cell wall)

  5. Cell Structure Question 1 A student prepared the following list of characteristics about a cellular organelle: • Present in animal cells • Present in plant cells • Helps make energy available to the cell Which of the following cellular structures is the student describing? A. cell wall B. chloroplast C. mitochondria D. nucleus

  6. Cell Structure Questions 2 & 3 Which of the following describes plant cells but NOT animal cells? A. nucleus contains chromosomes B. ribosomes assist in protein synthesis C. store starch made during photosynthesis D. mitochondria produce energy through respiration Which of the following structures is NOT present in animal cells? A. cell membrane B. cell wall C. mitochondria D. nucleus

  7. Cell Structure Question 4 • Each of the illustrations to the right shows either a prokaryotic cell or a eukaryotic cell. Which 2 cells are prokaryotic? • A. 1 and 2 • B. 1 and 3 • C. 2 and 4 • D. 3 and 4

  8. Cell Structure Question 5 A cell is shown in the diagram to the right. Which of the following cell characteristics provides evidence that this cell comes from a plant and not from an animal? A. large vacuole B. single nucleus C. mitochondria D. cell membrane

  9. Cell Structure Questions 6 & 7 Which of the following statements describes how prokaryotic cells appear different from eukaryotic? A. prokaryotic are larger B. prokaryotic have no nucleus C. prokaryotic have mitochondria D. prokaryotic have less distinct shape • Substances enter any plant or animal cell by passing through which of the following structures? • A. nucleus • B. cell membrane • C. vacuole • D. chloroplast

  10. Level of Organization • CELL (simplest) • TISSUE • ORGAN • ORGAN SYSTEM(most complex)

  11. Evolution

  12. Branching Trees

  13. Adaptation Natural Selection A change in a species that enables it to survive in its environment. • beaks • fur • claws • breathing • When more than 1 species competes for the same resource, the one that loses, dies off and the winner continues to thrive. • Survival of the Fittest!

  14. Evolution Questions 1 & 2 Which of the following provides the MOST CONVINCING evidence that two different animal species evolved from a common ancestor? A. similar environments B. similar adult body shapes C. similar methods of locomotion D. similar embryonic features The fossil record supports which of the following descriptions of the evolution of life on Earth? A. life first appeared with the diversity found today B. the importance of natural selection diminished over time C. complex organisms evolved from more simple organisms D. large organisms appeared before single-celled organisms

  15. Evolution Question 3 Scientific evidence shows that modern dogs, wolves, and foxes all have a common ancestor. Further evidence shows that dogs are more closely related to wolves than to foxes. Which of the following observations provides the BEST evidence that dogs are more closely related to wolves than to foxes? A. The diets of dogs and wolves are more similar than the diets of dogs and foxes B. The life spans of dogs and wolves are more similar than the life spans of dogs and foxes C. The genetic sequence of dogs and wolves are more similar than that of dogs and foxes. D. The body sizes of dogs and wolves are more similar than that of dogs and foxes.

  16. Evolution Question 4 Which of the following best explains how the fossil record provides evidence that evolution has occurred? A. it indicates that forms of life existed on Earth at least 3.5 billion years ago B. it indicates the exact cause of structural and behavioral adaptations of organisms C. it shows how the embryos of many different vertebrate species are very similar D. it shows that the form and structure of groups of organisms have changed over time

  17. Evolution Question 5 The bones that make up the forelimbs of monkeys, cats, whales, and birds are similar. Which of the following statements BEST supports the evolutionary relationship of these animals? A. they have different ancestries but have adapted to similar environments B. they share a common ancestry but have adapted to different environments C. at one time they lived in different environments but now share an environment D. they use their forelimbs for identical activities but live in different environments

  18. Evolution Question 6 A group of mammals migrates away from the general population to a new habitat. Under which of the following conditions will this group MOST LIKELY develop into a separate species? A. the new habitat is geographically close to the old one B. the group returns to the general population each mating season C. the ratio of males to females in the group is different than in the general population D. the new habitat has conditions that differ significantly from the old one

  19. Evolution Question 7 Which of the following observations BEST supports the conclusion that dolphins and sharks do not have a recent common ancestor? A. dolphins form social groups, but sharks are solitary B. dolphins hunt during the day, but sharks are nocturnal C. the number of dolphin species is far less than the number of shark species D. the jawbone structure in dolphins is very different from the jawbone structure in sharks

  20. Evolution Question 8 Comparing the skeletons of which of the following fish would BEST show the evolution of a fish species? A. a male fish and a female fish that could produce offspring B. the same fish just before it received a cut and after it healed C. a fish that lived recently and a fish that lived a long time ago D. the same fish just after it hatched and when it was full grown

  21. Evolution Question 9 The drawings to the right show a turtle and chicken embryo. Which of the following statements is supported by the similarities between them? A. the turtle is more advanced B. the chicken has more offspring C. they are similar as adults D. they share a common ancestor

  22. Evolution Question 10 The 6 species of birds developed overtime from one parent species. The 6 species of birds can be found living in the same area. Which of the following BEST explains why the beak shape of each species of bird developed differently? A. each shape produces different songs B. each shape is an adaptation for a different source of food C. each beak constructs a different kind of nest D. Each beak protects the bird from a different predator

  23. Evolution Question 11 What information can you gather from the branching tree to the left? A. lemurs were the most recent to evolve B. gorillas evolved directly from chimpanzees C. spider monkeys & lemurs evolved at the same time D. gorillas and baboons evolved from a common ancestor.

  24. Ecosystems

  25. Things to Remember • Producer - item at bottom - creates its own food • Primary Consumer - 2nd level - eats the producer • Secondary consumer - 3rd level - eats the primary consumer • Apex predator - the guy that has no threats from that community • ** killing off one thing will affect everything else

  26. Ecosystems Question 1 Most of the bacteria in a forest ecosystem are BEST classified as which of the following types of organisms? A. consumers B. decomposers C. predators D. producers

  27. Ecosystems Question 2 An animal population decreases from 800 individuals to 600 individuals. Which of the following could explain this change in population size? A. the population size of the animal’s predator increased B. the emigration rate of the animals from the population decreased. C. the number of breeding pairs in the animal’s population increased. D. the number of species competing with the animal for food decreased.

  28. Ecosystems Questions 3 & 4 The size of a bird population increased by 2% in 1 year. Which of the following could have contributed to the increase? A. decrease in deaths of baby birds. B. increase in # of birds’ predators C. increase in # of parasites per bird D. decrease in immigration of birds of same species Which of the following relationships is an example of mutualism? A. a lion eats a gazelle B. a virus uses both a bird and a horse as hosts C. a bacterium breaks down dead plant materials D. a bird eats food particles from a crocodile’s teeth

  29. Ecosystem Question 5 • Which of the following organisms in this food web obtains energy from both producers and consumers? • A. anchovy • B. mysid shrimp • C. weakfish • D. sand shrimp

  30. Ecosystems Question 6 • The complete removal of decomposers from an ecosystem will have the GREATEST effect on which of the following? • A. spread of disease • B. availability of water • C. recycling of nutrients • D. distribution of organisms

  31. Ecosystems Open Response A. Identify each organism in this food web as a producer, a primary consumer, or a secondary consumer. B. Using only the organisms from this food web, describe one change in the prairie ecosystem that would result in a decrease in the grasshopper population. Explain the reasoning for your answer.

  32. GENETICS Allele - part of a chromosome that carries trait information Dominant - the trait that shows up when present Recessive - only shows when dominant is not present Heterozygous (Hybrid) - when the alleles are different - Bb Homozygous (Purebred) - when both alleles are the same - BB or bb

  33. Genetics • Genotype • The allele combinations. • The two letters that represent the genetic make up • TT, Tt, tt • Phenotype • The physical characteristics of the species. • What is actually showing.

  34. Punnett Squares

  35. Genetics Questions 1 & 2 In mussels, the allele for brown coloring (B) is dominant, and the allele for blue coloring (b) is recessive. For which parental genotypes are 100% of the offspring expected to be blue? A. Bb x Bb B. BB x bb C. bb x bb D. BB x BB • A dog gives birth to five puppies. What percentage of its chromosomes does each puppy share with the mother? • A. 25 % • B. 50% • C. 75% • D. 100%

  36. Genetics Question 3 • The cows in a rancher’s herd of cattle have been selectively bred to produce milk. Which of the following will cause the next generation of cows to receive the trait for producing large quantities of milk? • A. nutrients in the cows’ water • B. essential minerals in the cows’ food • C. electrical impulses in the cow’s brains • D. information in the cow’s chromosomes

  37. Genetics Question 4 In sheep, the allele for white wool (W) is dominant, and the allele for black wool (w) is recessive. A farmer has mated two Suffolk sheep for a few years. These matings have resulted in six offspring, four with white wool and two with black wool. One parent has white wool and the other has black wool. Which of the following could be the genotypes of the parent sheep? A. WW and Ww B. WW and ww C. Ww and Ww D. Ww and ww

  38. Genetics Questions 5 & 6 The instructions that determine coat color are stored in the A. cytoplasm of skill cells B. membrane of every cell C. mitochondria of hair cells D. chromosomes of all cells Garden pea plants can have yellow seeds or green seeds. In a pea plant that is heterozygous for seed color, the allele for yellow seeds masks the effects of the allele for green seeds. Which of the following terms best describes the allele for yellow seeds? A. codominant B. dominant C. recessive D. sex linked

  39. Genetics Question 7 Which of the following BEST describes the purpose of the chromosomes in the nucleus of a cell? A. to store the genetic instructions needed to specify traits B. to release energy by breaking down food C. to transport nutrients into and out of the cell D. to protect the cell from microorganisms

  40. Genetics Question 8 • A partial Punnett square is shown below: Which of the following statements describes the parental genotypes that would result in this Punnett square? A. both parents are heterozygous B. both parents are homozygous dominant C. 1 parent is homozygous recessive and the other is heterozygous D. 1 parent is homozygous dominant and the other is heterozygous

  41. Cell Processes PHOTOSYNTHESIS plant uses sunlight and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) and water to make glucose (sugar) and Oxygen (O2) • RESPIRATION • the exact opposite....cells break down the sugar in order to produce usable energy and carbon dioxide

  42. Cell Processes • Mitosis • process of cell division that duplicates the cell - 2 new cells exactly like the original Meiosis process of cell division that creates 4 daughter cells (sex cells) that have half of the information of the original - 23 chromosomes instead of 46

  43. Cell Processes Questions 1 & 2 In sexual reproduction, what is the source of the genetic material in a zygote? A. egg cell only B. sperm cell only C. egg & sperm cell D. egg & polar body Under normal conditions, which of the following causes a zygote to form? A. mitosis B. meiosis C. 2 gametes combine D. asexual reproduction

  44. Cell Processes Questions 3 & 4 • Which of the following normally results from meiosis in a human cell that contains 46 chromosomes? • A. egg w/ 46 chromosomes • B. liver w/ 23 chromosomes • C. blood cell w/46 • chromosomes • D. sperm w/23 chromosomes The human body regularly sheds and replaces its skin in cells. Which of the following processes is directly responsible for replacing these cells? A. meiosis B. mitosis C. osmosis D. transcription

  45. Cell Processes Questions 5 & 6 • Which of the following organisms produce energy from sunlight? • A. worm • B. rabbit • C. hawk • D. grass • Which of the following materials are direct products of photosynthesis? • A. fats and starches • B. oxygen and sugar • C. proteins & amino acids • D. carbon dioxide & water

  46. Cell Processes Question 7 Which of the following statements BEST describes photosynthesis? A. carbon dioxide and water are turned into sugar and oxygen B. sugar and oxygen are turned into water and carbon dioxide C. oxygen and carbon dioxide are turned into water and sugar D. water and sugar are turned into oxygen and carbon dioxide.

  47. KINGDOMS • Bacteria- single celled - prokaryote • Protist - eukaryotes, uni or multi-cellular, heterotroph or autotroph, funny ways of moving • Fungi - eukaryote, heterotroph, decomposer, spores for reproduction • Plant - multi-cellular, autotroph, eukaryote • Animal - multi-cellular, heterotroph, omnivore, carnivore, herbivore, eukaryote

  48. Classification King Kingdom Phillip Phylum Came Class Over Order For Family Good Genus Spaghetti Species

  49. Kingdoms Question 1 • Which of the following organisms is eukaryotic, multi-cellular, and autotrophic? • A. B. C. D.

  50. Kingdoms Question 2 • The picture below shows a paramecium. • In which kingdom is the paramecium classified? • A. bacteria • B. fungi • C. plant • D. protist

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