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Makah Whaling

Makah Whaling. Blake Linde, Heather Robison, and Jennifer Gedert. http://blog.seattlepi.com/environment/archives/138557.asp. The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe. Our Position. The Makah tribe should not be allowed to whale.

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Makah Whaling

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  1. Makah Whaling Blake Linde, Heather Robison, and Jennifer Gedert http://blog.seattlepi.com/environment/archives/138557.asp The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  2. Our Position The Makah tribe should not be allowed to whale The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  3. Outline • Arguments: • Makah whaling is not traditional • Allowing whaling opens loopholes to international whaling • Changing of litigation and law with time • Conclusion The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  4. Makah Whaling is Not Traditional http://www.makah.com/whalingtradition.html http://www.makah.com/whalingrecent.html • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  5. Makah whaling is not traditional • Only for wealthy men (Kemmerer 2004) • Inconsistent with historic wildlife ethic of the Makah (Kemmerer 2004) • Unnecessary for subsistence (Kemmerer 2004) http://4.bp.blogspot.com/_rx18I9pvE9g/SsynNZO4SHI/AAAAAAAAAJY/fadZMGdGvZ4/s320/makah.jpg • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  6. Makah whaling is not traditional • Makah elders say whaling is not a tradition (Kemmerer 2004) • opposed to hunt (Kemmerer 2004) • IWC does not recognize whaling as traditional • Not necessary for subsistence to the Makah (Reeves 2002) • Not continuing dependence (Reeves 2002) • The last documented Makah whale hunt occurred in 1926 (Dark 1999) • http://www.seashepherd.org/whales/makah-tribe.html • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe http://www.seashepherd.org/whales/makah-tribe.html

  7. Lost • Secret whaling rituals lost (Kemmerer 2004) • Other ancient whaling rituals impractical and discarded (Kemmerer 2004) • “Spiritual path” to whaling lost (Kemmerer 2004) http://qmackie.wordpress.com/tag/makah/ • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  8. New Tradition • Not protected by historic treaties (Kemmerer 2004) • Makah have to learn how to whale • Build and use “traditional whaling boats and weapons” • “Butcher whales and process whale products” • “[Develop] a taste for whale meat and blubber” (Reeves 2002) • 82% of Makah households would try whale meat (Dark 1999) http://www.human-nature.pdx.edu/E-zines/SafePassing/rc-e-zine.htm#A The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  9. New hunting methods http://www.seashepherd.org/whales/makah-tribe.html • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  10. New hunting methods • National Marine Fishery Service • Target only “migrating” whales- wait a month • Could not hunt in “usual and accustomed” places (Dark 1999) • Makah Whaling Commission (MWC) • select a humane killing method (Dark 1999) • “In 1999, Makah hunters used a .50-caliber slug to kill a whale, as required by agreement with federal officials, and it took about eight minutes for the mammal to die. Traditional Makah hunting methods often took days to kill a whale” (Mapes 2005) • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  11. Allowing the Makah tribe to whale will allow loopholes for other countries and tribes to return to their whaling traditions http://cache2.asset-cache.net/xc/56074429.jpg?v=1&c=IWSAsset&k=2&d=77BFBA49EF878921F7C3FC3F69D929FD3D6E8E24F8AD364C5AA8A8C822A43698622AE4A6BE7910AAC6E7E4E2CE924510 • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  12. Subsistence Hunt • Allowing the Makah to return to their whaling traditions will expand the IWC’s definition of “subsistence” hunt (Dark 1999) • Returning to whaling after 70 years • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  13. International Pawn • “Paul Watson of Sea Shepherd said the Makah hunt was a distraction from efforts to oppose large-scale whaling by nations such as Japan, Norway, Iceland, and the Danish Faroe Islands”(Oldham 2009) • “If the Makah succeed in changing the basis for aboriginal whaling to cultural need as opposed to subsistence need, the Japanese, Icelanders and Norwegians will claim the same right” -Paul Watson (Provo 2010) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.rushprnews.com/press/wp-content/2009/06/whaling.jpg • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  14. International Pawn • Allowing the tribe to whale will open the door to the resumption of international whaling under the appearance of cultural necessity (Cantzler 2007) • With this loophole created by the tribe, the threat of extinction of the whale species would increase because of commercial whaling (Cantzler 2007) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.smh.com.au/ffximage/2007/05/29/whaleprotest_narrowweb__ • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  15. Public Concern • Many people question the tribe’s motives to resume hunting (Cantzler 2007) • Represent themselves as pawns to Japan and Norway (Cantzler 2007) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://pix.motivatedphotos.com/ http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.roumazeilles.net/ • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  16. International Trade • “Japan, Norway and Iceland continue their slaughter of whales, but what is really frightening is the growth of what has been termed ‘aboriginal subsistence whaling,’ as defined by the IWC. This allows for indigenous people who historically hunted whales to kill a limited number for their own ‘subsistence’. This is occurring from Alaska to Greenland with more native peoples claiming their right to kill whales as part of their ‘culture.’ Many of these aboriginal whalers are subsidized by Japan to advance their efforts to bring back full scale commercial whaling and gain the huge profits to be made from selling whale meat in markets in Japan (Whale Hugger 2010).” • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  17. International Trade • The Japanese have offered financial support for the tribe’s hunt (Walker 1999) • Even though the tribe has declined this offer, it shows that Japan is very interested in the outcome of this debate (Walker 1999) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/files/images/frontpage/oceans/whaling/japan_whaling.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.greenpeace.org.uk/blog/oceans/japan The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  18. Commercial Whaling The Makah hunt is being used by the Japanese and others as evidence that whale populations globally are strong enough to end the ban on commercial whaling (Walker 1999) http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2009/03/09/2510658.htm The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  19. Native Communities • In 1998, thirteen native communities on Vancouver Island said that they would be interested in establishing whaling operations should the Makah do so (Sea Shepherd Conservation Society 2010) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://vihistory.ca/images/maps/vimap1913big.jpg • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  20. Native Communities • The Nuu-Chah-Nulth, cultural cousins of the Makah tribe on Vancouver Island have also stated their intent to resume whaling and are not ruling out commercial killing • In 1997 they founded the World Council of Whalers with 20% of the startup costs paid by Japan and Norway (International Marine Mammal Project 2010) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://blogs.ubc.ca/etec521sept10/files/2010/10/NEW2.jpg • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  21. Changing of litigation and law with time • The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  22. Violation of national agencies • NEPA • Federal agencies were required to produce an environmental impact statement(EIS), rather than the less detailed environmental assessment(EA) (Roghair 2005) • Federal agencies conducting the assessment for the Makah to resume whaling bypassed the federal requirement to conduct an assessment before committing resources to the effort (Fletcher 2000) http://envirostudies.blogspot.com/2008_01_01_archive.html The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  23. Violations continued http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.nmfs.noaa.gov/pr/images/mmpa_annual_cover.jpg eaotters.org • MMPA • For a conservation statute to affect the treaty rights, the court said the following conditions must be met: (1) The sovereign has jurisdiction in the area where the activity occurs (2) The statute is non-discriminatory (3) The application of the statute to treaty rights is necessary to achieve its conservation purpose (Roghair 2005) The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  24. Ninth Circuit ruling The panel ruled that although the hunt would not have any significant impact on the overall gray whale population, the assessment did not adequately address possible impacts on the whale population in the local area of the northern Washington coast and Straight of Juan de Fuca (Roghair 2005) http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://2.bp.blogspot.com The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  25. International law prohibits • International Whaling Commission (IWC) established in 1946 • Regulates whaling worldwide (Whale Hugger 2010) • Loophole allows for Makah to share whale take with Chukotka natives of Siberia in the 5 whales per year (Walker 1999) • Makah do not fall under criteria for whaling exemption • Not hunted for ¾ of a century – no longer subsistence (Walker 1999) http://iwcoffice.org/ http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:International_Whaling_Commission_members.svg The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  26. Conclusion • Makah should not be allowed to whale • Not traditional • Opens loopholes for commercial whaling • Times have changed The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  27. Bibliography • Alter, S.E., E. Rynes, and S.R. Palumbi. 2007. DNA evidence for historic population size and past ecosystem impacts of gray whales. PNAS 104: 15162-15167. • Brown, J.J. 2008. It’s in our treaty: the right to whale. Available from http://www.evergreen.edu/tribal/docs/makah Case_Study_rev7_25_08.doc (accessed 2010). • Burchfield, A. 2009. The legal cetacean: a select bibliography on whales and international whaling. International Journal of Legal Information 36: 489-505. • Cantzler, J.M. 2007. Environmental justice and social power rhetoric in the moral battle over whaling. Sociological Inquiry 77:483-512. • Dark, A. 1999. The Makah whale hunt. Native Americans and the Environment. Available from http://www.cnie.org/nae/cases/makah/index.html (accessed 2010). • Fletcher, K.M. 2000. New Assessment Required in Makah Whale Hunt . Water Log 20:8-9. • International Marine Mammal Project. Makah whaling. Available from http://www.earthisland.org/immp/archives_whale8.htm (accessed 2010). • International Whaling Commission. 2009. Aboriginal subsistence whaling. Available from http://www. Iwcoffice.org/conservation/aboriginal.htm#asw (accessed 2010). • Kemmerer, L. 2004. Killing traditions: consistency in applied moral philosophy. Ethics, Place and Environment 7: 151-171. • Makah Cultural and Research Center, Makah Tribe, and Washington State Historical Society. Home of the Makah people. Available from http://www.makah.com/index.html (accessed 2010). • Mapes, L.V. 2005. Makah Tribe seeks federal waiver to let it once again hunt for whale. The Seattle Times. Available from http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2002553163_whale11m.html (accessed 2010). • Martello, M.L., S. Jasanoff. Globalization and Environmental Governance. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2004. Print. • National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). 2010. Makah whale hunt. Seattle, WA. Available from http://www.nwr.noaa.gov/ (accessed October 2010). • Oldham, K. 2009. Makah whaling. History Link.org. Available from http://www.historylink.org/index.cfm?DisplayPage=Output.cfm&File_Id=5301 (accessed 2010). • Provo, P. 2010. Makah whale hunt- both sides. Available from http://www.Clallambay.net/whales.html (accessed 2010). • Reeves,R.R. 2002. The origins and character of ‘aboriginal subsistence’ whaling: a global review. Mammal Review 32:71-106. • Roberts, C. Treaty rights ignored: neocolonialism and the Makah whale hunt. Kenyon Review: 78-90. • Roghair, D.L. 2005. Anderson v. Evans: Will Makah Whaling Under the Treaty of Neah Bay Survive the Ninth Circuit’s Application of the MMPA?. Journal of Environmental Law and Litigation. 20:189-211. • Sea Shepherd Conservation Society. 2010. Makah tribe-fighting to kill more whales. Available from http://www.seashepherd.org/whales/makah-tribe.html (accessed 2010). • Walker, P. 1999. Makah whaling also a political issue. Cetacean Society International. Available from http://csiwhalesalive.org/csi99409.html (accessed 2010). • Whale Hugger. 2010. Aboriginal whaling. Available from http://www.worldwidewhale.com/2010/08/29/aboriginal-whaling/ (accessed 2010). The Makah Tribe's Image.  Image Credit: The Makah Tribe

  28. http://mindprod.com/image/animal/dont.jpg

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