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Child Disciplinary Practices: Results from the MICS3

Child Disciplinary Practices: Results from the MICS3. Claudia Cappa Statistics and Monitoring Section UNICEF. Lijun Chen, Ph.D. Fred Wulczyn, Ph.D. Chapin Hall Center for Children. John Fluke, Ph.D. Katherine Casillas, Ph.D. Child Protection Research Center

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Child Disciplinary Practices: Results from the MICS3

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  1. Child Disciplinary Practices: Results from the MICS3 Claudia Cappa Statistics and Monitoring Section UNICEF Lijun Chen, Ph.D. Fred Wulczyn, Ph.D. Chapin Hall Center for Children John Fluke, Ph.D. Katherine Casillas, Ph.D. Child Protection Research Center American Humane Association www.americanhumane.org www.chapinhall.org www.childinfo.org ISCI - York2011

  2. Overview • Paper 1: UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) • History • MICS3 child discipline module • Methodology • Paper 2: Overview of Results: Items and Subscales • Violent: Psychological, physical, and severe physical • Belief in need for physical punishment • Nonviolent • Paper 3: Risk & Protective Factors • SES & Household Characteristics • Child Characteristics • Attitudes about Violence • Caregiver Characteristics • Summary & Program Implications

  3. Section 1: UNICEF Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS)

  4. UNICEF’s efforts in data collection: MICS • Household surveys designed to collect data on children and women and to provide evidence base for improved policy formulation and programme planning • Key data source for monitoring the MDGs, World Fit for Children, and other major international commitments • More than 100 indicators (nutrition, mortality, child protection, HIV, etc.) • Data available by background characteristics (sex, ethnicity, wealth, education, etc.) and at the sub-national level

  5. Evolution of MICS over time MICS implemented every 5 years since 1995 (MICS1 in 1995, MICS2 in 2000, MICS3 in 2005) Nearly 200 MICS surveys conducted globally in first three rounds of surveys MICS3 in over 50 countries during 2005-2006 MICS frequency increasing from every 5 years to every 3 years (MICS4 in 2009-2011)

  6. Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) 15 years, 100 countries and 200 surveys

  7. MICS methodology Survey tools Developed by UNICEF after consultations with relevant experts from various UN organizations as well as with interagency monitoring groups. Implementation and capacity building Surveys carried out by government organizations, with the support and assistance of UNICEF (HQ, RO and CO) and other partners. Technical assistance and training provided through regional workshops (questionnaire content, sampling and survey implementation, data processing, data quality and data analysis, and report writing and dissemination)

  8. MICS questionnaires/methods • Threemodularquestionnaires that can be customized to fit the data needs of a country. • Household questionnaire • Questionnaire for women aged 15-49 • Questionnaire for children under the age of five • (administered to the mother or caretaker) • Data are collected during face-to-face interviews in nationally representative samples of households • Complex cluster sampling design

  9. Child Discipline Module in MICS • Aims at measuring prevalence of violent and non-violent discipline methods used at home • Uses as framework the CRC (1989): Article 19 of CRC: States Parties shall take all […] measures to protect the childfrom all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse, neglect or negligent treatment, maltreatment or exploitation, including sexual abuse, while in the care of parent(s), legal guardian(s) or any other person who has the care of the child.

  10. Background • Based on a Parent-Child Conflict Tactics Scale • Measures how parents (or adults in general) use different tactics to teach children the right behavior or address a behavioral problem • A set of questions (CD10-CD21) to calculate the indicator for children aged 2 to 14 years old • The last question assesses attitude toward corporal punishment

  11. Violent Discipline Indicator: definition • Numerator: Children age 2-14 years who experienced psychological aggression or physical punishment during the 30 days preceding the survey • Denominator: Children age 2-14

  12. Definition of violent discipline • Psychological aggression: shouting, yelling and screaming at the child, and addressing her or him with offensive names. • Physical (or corporal) punishment: actions intended to cause the child physical pain or discomfort but not injuries. This include: shaking the child and slapping or hitting him or her on the hand, arm, leg or bottom, hitting the child on the face, head or ears, or hitting the child hard or repeatedly.

  13. UNICEF MICS3: Countries Analyzed(N = 162,127) • East Asia & The Pacific • Lao & Vietnam • Middle East & North Africa • Algeria, Djibouti , Iraq, Syria, & Yemen • West & Central Africa • Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Côte d'Ivoire, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea-Bissau, Sierra Leone, & Togo • Central & Eastern Europe • Albania, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Macedonia, Montenegro, Serbia, Tajikistan, & Ukraine • Latin America & The Caribbean • Belize, Guyana, Jamaica, Suriname, & Trinidad and Tobago

  14. Method of Analysis • MICS is multistage stratified cluster sample • Clustering: households clustered within PSUs • Stratification of PSUs: by urban / rural, and administrative or geographic region • Sample weights: household weights provided • Complex Survey Analysis: using SPSS 17 Complex Samples add-on module. • Strata: pseudo-strata created based on implicit geographic stratification within region • Weights: child-based weights used in analysis

  15. Section 2: Overview of Results: Items and Subscales

  16. Defining child discipline:Violent discipline subscales & Item prevalences

  17. Discipline item:Attitude about need for physical punishment

  18. Discipline subscales:Discipline subscales & Subscale prevalences

  19. Overall Percentage of Children Receiving Any Violent Discipline

  20. Trinidad & Tobago

  21. Overall Percentage of Children Receiving Severe Violent (Physical) Discipline

  22. Overall Percentage of Children Receiving ONLY or ANY Nonviolent Discipline

  23. Distributions of Major Discipline Categories

  24. CD13: Do you believe need to physically punish in order to raise child properly?

  25. Section 3: Risk & Protective Factors

  26. Factors Analyzed with Non-Significant or Mixed Results • Place of residence (Urban / Rural) • Living arrangement (Neither biological parent, mother only, father only, both) • Caregiver age (Under 30 / 30-39 / 40+) • Marital status • Polygyny

  27. Risk & Protective Factors: Significant & consistent within-country differences • SES & HOUSEHOLD RESOURCES • Family wealth • Family & Primary caregiver education • Child labor • Number of household members • CHILD CHARACTERISTICS • Child gender • Child age • ATTITUDES ABOUT VIOLENCE • Belief in need for physical discipline • Maternal attitudes towards domestic violence • CAREGIVER BEHAVIORS • Children’s & non-children’s books • Educational & play activities • Non-adult care

  28. SES & Household Resources • Family wealth • Family education • Child Labor • Number of household members

  29. Family Wealth • Definition • Wealthiest 40 percent & Poorest 60 percent • Relative not absolute wealth is measured • More violent discipline in poorest 60% (N=30 countries)

  30. Family wealth (N=30):More violent discipline in poorest 60%

  31. Family Wealth • Definition • Wealthiest 40 percent & Poorest 60 percent • Relative not absolute wealth is measured • More violent discipline in poorest 60% (N=30 countries)

  32. Family Education • Definition: None or Primary; Secondary; Higher • Least violent discipline in households with “higher” education (N=26)

  33. Family Education: Average (N = 26):Least violent discipline in households with “higher” education

  34. Family Education • Definition: None or Primary; Secondary; Higher • Least violent discipline in households with “higher” education (N=26)

  35. Child Labor • Definition: • 5-11 years: 1 hour of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week • 12-14 years: 14 hours of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week • More violent discipline when child involved in labor (N=29)

  36. Child labor (N = 29):More violent discipline when child involved in labor

  37. Child Labor • Definition: • 5-11 years: 1 hour of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week • 12-14 years: 14 hours of economic work or 28 hours of domestic work per week • More violent discipline when child involved in labor (N=29)

  38. Number of Household Members • Definition: 2-3, 4-5, 6 + • More violent discipline in largest households (N=33)

  39. Number of household members (N = 33):More violent discipline among larger households

  40. Number of Household Members • Definition: 2-3, 4-5, 6 + • More violent discipline in largest households (N=33)

  41. Child characteristics • Child gender • Child age

  42. Child Gender • More violent discipline against boys (N=33)

  43. Child gender (N = 33):More violent discipline against boys

  44. Child Gender • More violent discipline against boys (N=33)

  45. Child Age • Definition: 2-4, 5-9, 10-14 • More violent discipline against 5-9 year olds (N=33)

  46. Child age (N = 33):More violent discipline against 5-9 year olds

  47. Child Age • Definition: 2-4, 5-9, 10-14 • More violent discipline against 5-9 year olds (N=33)

  48. Attitudes about violence • Belief in need for violent discipline • Maternal attitudes towards domestic violence

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