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HYDROGEN STORAGE ON CARBONIZED CHICKEN FEATHER FIBERS

HYDROGEN STORAGE ON CARBONIZED CHICKEN FEATHER FIBERS. Erman Senoz Advisor: Richard P. Wool Department of Chemical Engineering. CCM l March 5, 2008. OUTLINE. Objectives Intoduction Hydrogen Chicken Feather Fibers (CFF) Storage Mechanisms Experimental Results XPS

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HYDROGEN STORAGE ON CARBONIZED CHICKEN FEATHER FIBERS

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  1. HYDROGEN STORAGE ON CARBONIZED CHICKEN FEATHER FIBERS Erman Senoz Advisor: Richard P. Wool Department of Chemical Engineering CCM l March 5, 2008

  2. OUTLINE • Objectives • Intoduction • Hydrogen • Chicken Feather Fibers (CFF) • Storage Mechanisms • Experimental Results • XPS • Hydrogen Adsorption Device • Hydrogen Adsorption Preliminary Results • Conculsions • Future Research Plans

  3. OBJECTIVES • To find the best process to obtain H2 storage material from waste materials, chicken feather fibers (CFF). • To fulfill Department of Energy’s (DOE) 2010 H2 storage targets which are • Gravimetric Capacity= 6 wt% H2 • Volumetric Capacity= 45 g H2/l • System Storage Cost= $4 /kWh for future’s H2 powered technologies.

  4. Hydrogen as Energy Carrier • Reasons for choosing hydrogen as a fuel • Clean source, no CO2 emission, only product is H2O for fuel cell application • Energy density is ~3 times larger than gasoline1 • Fuel cells are at least 2 times more efficient than combustion engines2 • Production and storage of H2 are main bottlenecks for using it as a fuel Hydrogen Powered Vehicle3 1 Louis Schlapbach, MRS Bull., 2002 2 Jesse L. C. Rowsell and Omar M. Yaghi, Angew. Chem. Int. 2005,44, 4670-4679 3 http://ornl.gov/info/ornlreview/v38_1_05/article06.shtml

  5. Background Binding Energy • Physisorption (∆Hads= ~4 kJ/mol) • Graphite • Carbon Nanofibers • Carbon Nanotubes • Metal Organic Frameworks • Activated Carbon Methane C-H bonds (~400 kJ/mol) • Chemisorption (∆Hads = ~50-100 kJ/mol) • Metal Hydrides Metal Hydrides1 1 A. Zuttel, Materials Today 2003 2 K. Atkinson, S. Roth, M. Hirscher, W. Grunwald, Fuel Cell Bull. 38 (2001) 9

  6. CHICKEN FEATHER FIBER (CFF) Properties • Agricultural waste • Very cheap! • 6 μm diameter1 • 8 mm length1 • 92% Keratin2 • Hollow tubes1 • Low density (Bulk Density~0.8)1 α-helix Keratin Structure SEM Image of CFF, 1000X magnification 1 Hong, Chang K and Richard P. Wool “Development of a Bio-based Composite Material from Soybean Oil and Keratin Fibers” 2005 2 Farner, Donald S. et al. Avian Biology. vol 6. Academic Press, New York: 1982.

  7. CARBONIZATION OF CFF Images of surface of untreated and carbonized CFF 230 oC Temperature (oC) Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) Curve1 Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) Curve 1 C. W. J. McChalicher’s Thesis, Chemical Engineering, University of Delaware

  8. XPS ANALYSIS OF PYROLYSIS PROCESS OF CFF C-(C,H) Elemental Keratin Composition Carbon: 59.4 % Oxygen: 22.4 % Nitrogen: 17.9 % C-(C,H) C-(O,N) C=O C-(C,H) C-(C,H) C-(O,N) C=O C=O O-C=O

  9. HYDROGEN STORAGE (SIEVERT’S) APPARATUS

  10. SIEVERT’S APPARATUS LEAK TESTS At 42 bars At 95 bars • Leak after 18 hr corresponds to 0.031 wt% storage (basis: 1.000 g sample) • Leak after 16 hr corresponds to 0.107 wt% storage (basis: 1.000 g sample)

  11. HYDROGEN STORAGE CAPACITY CALCULATION Initial Moles of H2 (reservoir) = Final Moles of H2 (reservoir + sample holder) reservoir (res) vacuum H2 sample holder (SH)

  12. HYDROGEN STORAGE RESULTS At 79 bars and room temperature At 42 bars and room temperature 6 wt % H2 SSA=~3100 m2/g Hydrogen adsorption isotherms at room temperature and 77 K with Henry type and Langmuir type equation for purified SWCNTs1 H2 Storage Capacities of Carbon Based Materialsat 77 K and 1 bar Having Various Surface Areas1 1 B. Panella et al., Carbon 43 (2005) 2209-2214

  13. CONCLUSION • XPS provided valuable information about the surface of fibers • Surface of the fibers are not completely keratin • The Sievert’s apparatus is sensitive enough to detect adsorbed H2 • Leak rate is within the limit of toleration • Initial results from the equipment is consistent with the literature

  14. FUTURE RESEARCH PLANS • Continue searching for better pyrolysis paths • Investigating the effect of various dispersed metals on hydrogen storage • Utilizing sufficiently low temperatures to reach DOE goal • Utilizing Tampered Element Oscillating Microbalance (TEOM) SEM image of 10% Ag on CCFF taken in National Institute of Aerospace in Virginia

  15. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS • This project was supported by the National Research Initiative of the USDA Cooperative State Research, Education and Extension Service, grant number 2005-35504-16137. • The Wool Research Group • George Whitmyre • Anne Dillon - National Renewable Energy Laboratory

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