REVIEW 2

1. REVIEW 2 I’m Octavian and later I call myself “Augustus” as I arise as the first Roman emperor. Yep, but I would rather title myself as “the first citizen of Rome”! Please use these slides to study before our last lab next week. I won’t repeat everything in these slides in the class – If you have any questions of these slides, please ask! (email me your questions before the last lab / or bring up your questions in class)

2. Format of the Final Exam • @ Spalding 155 on Monday May-12, 4:30-6:30 • Total Grade of the Final: 200 out of 400 • Compare to the midterm, the final includes:

3. GRADE • The accumulated grade before the Final: 200 • The Final: 200 out of 400 points • How to convert to lettered grades? A+ 387-400 A 374-386 A- 360-373 B+ 347-359 B 334-346 B- 320-333 C+ 307-319 C 294-306 C- 280-293 D+ 267-279 D 254-266 D- 240-253 F 239 points and below To pass the course, you need at least a D (not a D-) in general

4. http://www.ancient.eu.com/Bucephalus/ ESSAYs Alexander the Great (356-323 BCE, or the 4th century BCE) & his horse Bucephalus Why does Alexander the Great’s reign mark the opening of the Hellenistic Age? The following slides are to suggest you some techniques to do the essay in the Final exam Because with his conquests to Egypt, Anatolia, Persia, Alexander brought Greek culture to the new lands. (Hellenistic means “relating to Greek civilization”

5. General Notes • Clear Structure: Your essay must have the Intro, 2-4 body paragraphs, and the Conclusion. • Clearly address the topic in the introduction, through the essay, & in the conclusion. • Use linking words to link one paragraph to another (Firstly, Secondly…, In addition to, Moreover, Next…) • Start every body paragraph with a general statement • Then provide specific examples, details, analysis to support THE (only one) general statement • BE SPECIFIC in talking about DATE (PERIODS OF TIME) in a historical essay. • BE PREPARE your ideas for the essay before the exam! • Length: 2-3 pages

6. Essay 1: Global Contacts & Exchanges What’s the topic of this essay question? From the Roman Empire (= 1st century CE) to 1500 (=14th century CE) In EURASIA When? Where?

7. kinds of contacts and Exchanges? • A way to do this essay is to define some certain kinds of contact and exchanges throughout Eurasia during the period from 1st-14th centuries. Then demonstrate each kind with a specific example. Technically, you might want to find at least 3 examples. • Pause some seconds to think of how human from different societies would come to contact? through which activities? • Trade • Conquest – Warfare – the establishment of an empire (in which a conqueror would impose his power on the new territory he invaded) • The spread of Religion • Epidemic and Diseases

8. Find examples &Establish an Argument • Now you can select several specific examples and write in each paragraph of your essay to demonstrate each kind of global exchange. • Of course, all the exchange activities should be correlated. For instance, as you know about the Black Death, people in Europe would get the disease which originated from China because travellers and merchants would carry the diseases through the trade routes. So, trade and epidemic would correlated. So when you decide the examples for your analysis, be smart so that you won’t repeat them.

9. Find examples &Establish an Argument • Don’t forget the DATE of each event. • Finally, think carefully of an argument you want to make in your essay. This argument/thesis needs to be addressed in the Intro and in the Conclusion. How to find an argument? • You can find your argument by answer the following question: • What do all of these exchanges and contacts mean to history of human in Eurasia? What happened when people from different societies, voluntarily (like through trade) or involuntarily (like through conquest), came in contact with each other? (have new products, new ideas, some cultures might be terminated, assimilated through conquests while some cultures might be introduced to new lands)

10. Find examples: TRADE • The most famous example should be the Silk Roads (read ch.12) • Date: The discussion in ch.12 covers the history of the Silk Roads during the Classical Period (c. 200 BCE to 300 CE). But the Silk Roads were maintained during some later centuries. For instance, when the Mongols established a vast empire in the 12th century, they helped to solidify the land routes. So be specific about the period of time in your discussion. • Give some examples of the types of goods that people exchanges between the East and the West through the Silk Roads. • Don’t just list the facts. Put effort to make some analysis of the facts.

11. Find examples Here are some suggestions. You have all freedom to explore more cases to demonstrate your points! • Warfare: • the Conquests of Islam (“Expansion of Islam”, textbook pp.264-268, & “Islamic Values & Culture Exchanges” 273-278 • the establishment of the Mongol empire (ch.17) • Religion: • The Spread of Christianity (ch.12, & somewhere else) • The Spread of Islam (ch.13, & somewhere else) • The Spread of Buddhism (ch.12, & somewhere else) • Disease • The Black Death should be a good example.

12. Essay 3: What’s the topic of the essay? BTW, what’s the difference between PROPHET and CALIPH in Islam? • Muhammad is the prophet of Islam • Caliph is the tittle of a leader in Islam; the title only appeared after the death of Muhammad

13. ISLAM Describe the Islamic religion and society Analyze the impact of Islam (as well as of Muhammad) in world history (during medieval time/ or the period from about 600-1500 CE) Again, for the general info of the essay structure and of how to establish an argument, read the previous slides about essay #1 You have two tasks in this essay haji, the Islamic pilgrimage to the place of Ka’ba (or the Black Stone) What is the scene about? http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kaaba_mirror_edit_jj.jpg

14. A suggestion of the essay outline Describe how Islam was founded by analyzing the life of Muhammad. Describe some key characteristics of Islam tenets (such as Five Pillars) and the Muslim society (such as family, community, learning and economic) Chart the impacts of Islam in terms of religion (such as how Islam was spread out of Arabia), economy and technology. Don’t forget to make some comparison with, for instance, the Dark Ages in Europe at the same period of time, to point out the advance of Islamic society in the medieval ages. Be specific! Ref.: Lectures & ch.13

15. Quiz 5 ===> Essay 5 • The Black Death (disease) is a case study/example through which we can describe how “backward” the medieval period in EU was. • How to develop the essay beyond this case study?

16. How to develop the essay beyond the case study of the Black Death?(Ch.16 & 19 + lectures) • The historical context • The “dark/backward” facet of EU societies • Balance the judgments: “medieval people tried the best they could” One of the aspects to show that the medieval EU was “dark” regards to western European’s capability to cope with external threats. During the 9th and 10th centuries, a powerful sea invader became a big threat to EU. Who were they? The Vikings

17. How “dark” were the Dark Ages and How “backward” was the medieval period in Europe?(Ch.16 & 19 + lectures) • Describe the historical context: in European history • the time frame: the Dark Ages (400-900) & the medieval period (900-1400) • After the decline of the Roman empire during the 5th century CE => 2 halves: the Western part included various regional powers while the Eastern part remained as the Byzantium Empire.[Don’t go too details in this point] • Main characteristics that historians used to apply to the “dark/backward” facet of EU during the periods in question: • The Church controlled cultural/spiritual life. • Warfare and Feudalism (i.e. lands belonged to powerful landlords) or the lack of centralized powers drove EU into chaos. • Inability to cope with epidemic like the Black Death

18. How to develop the essay beyond the case study of the Black Death?(Ch.16 & 19 + lectures) • Describe the historical context: in European history • Main characteristics that historians used to apply to the “dark/backward” facet of EU during the periods in question: • Balance the judgments: • The Church, w. its hierarchical organizational structure , would provide community • During the Black Death, people tried hard to explain the causes of the disease and to cure people within their limited knowledge. • From 1000, European societies started to expand through economic activities and the spread of Christianity.