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The basics

The basics. Which one sounds like English? . Listen: #1 or #2? [Ex. 1] Listen: #1 or #2? [Ex. 2] John runs. Johnny runs. Jonathon runs. WHY???? The time! a), b), & c) have basically the same time in English!! Why?  (All three phrases have 2 stressed beats each)

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The basics

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  1. The basics

  2. Which one sounds like English? Listen: #1 or #2? [Ex. 1] Listen: #1 or #2? [Ex. 2] • John runs. • Johnny runs. • Jonathon runs. WHY???? • The time! a), b), & c) have basically the same time in English!! • Why?  (All three phrases have 2 stressed beats each) English is a stress-timed language

  3. Listen more closely: JON A THON • Clear, long Reduced to /ə/ Reduced to /ə/ TAPtaptap • Vowels in unstressed syllables tend to be unclear, and often contain the neutral schwa sound, /ə/. • Vowels in stressed syllables will have clear vowels, be longer, louder, and possibly higher pitch. • Understanding this helps create the rhythm of the stress-timed language and helps people to understand you easily.)

  4. How many syllables? Tap it out: Phi/lo/so/pher: 4 – any “o”???? • Communicate:4 Business: 2 • Adults: 2 Accurate: 3 Streets: 1

  5. Examples • One syllable words? • Two syllable words? • How many syllables? • Wanted • Swept • Learned

  6. What builds a syllable in English? -cv- to-ccv- tree-cccv- straw-cvc- cat-vc- at-vcc- ox (/aks/)*remember sounds.-vccc- inks (iƞks) -cccvccc- stripts-ccvcc- brink • (Answer???) THE VOWEL SOUND

  7. Why are syllables important? Each vowel sounds in a word creates a “beat” or a syllable in a word. • Spoken syllable breaks: • -Using the correct # of beats of the syllable means you are not adding or dropping a beat/syllable; • -helps create the rhythm of the stress-timed language by understanding stress/reduction; • -helps people understand you easily • The English listener depends on stress to help them identify words.

  8. Syllable stress

  9. Syllable Stress What is syllable stress? • Words are divided into beats (or syllables), each with at least one vowel. Different syllables have different strengths in English. Primary syllable stress has the strongest syllable: • Clear vowel sound • Louder • Longer • **Maybe a higher pitch

  10. Practice: Louder & longer, . NUM/ber par/ty win/dow of/fice . en/JOY com/plete ap/ply re/new

  11. Clear vowel??? . NUM/ber TA/ble PIC/ture . en/JOY com/PLETE ap/PLY

  12. Separate • Bilingual • Conscious • Identity • Alienation • Intimacy • Intrinsically • 2 (or 3): \ˈse-p(ə-)ˌrāt\ • 3: \bī-ˈliŋ-gwəl\ • 2: \ˈkän(t)-shəs\ • 4: \ī-ˈden-tə-tē\ • 5 (or 4): \ˌā-lē-ə-ˈnā-shən\ • 4:  \ˈin-tə-mə-sē\ • 4 or 5: in-ˈtrin-zik(ə-)lē,  • *\ˌāl-yə-ˈnā-shən\

  13. 3 syllables . . HAP pi ness /vɛdʒtəbəl/ (Careful: Veg-e-ta-ble has 4 written syllables in a regular dictionary for days before computers when we hyphenated words; and vegetable commonly has 3 spoken syllables as shown with the pronunciation symbols.)

  14. How to use a dictionary for pronunciation: • Spoken syllable breaks (using the correct # of beats of the syllable means you are not adding or dropping a beat/syllable; helps people understand you easily) • Primary stress marks (as the stressed syllable is clearer, longer, louder; unstressed syllables may be reduced to schwas. Understanding this helps create the rhythm of the stress-timed language and helps people to understand you easily.) • Vowels and Consonant sounds (as symbol/sound in English do not relate.)

  15. Word stress Stress content words (jack and Jill)

  16. Jack and Jill • http://www.hark.com/clips/gcdqndptzb-rhyme-1-boy-jack-and-jill-recited-as-rap-human-voice-kid-child • (RAP)

  17. JACK ən JILL went UP thəHILL təFETCH ə pail əvWAter • JACK fell DOWN • ənBROKE his CROWN • ən JILL came tumbling AFter

  18. Jack and Jill 1. JACK and JILL went UP the HILL,/ to FETCH a PAIL of WAter;/ JACK fell DOWN/ and BROKE his CROWN,/ and JILL CAME TUMblingAFter./ 2. What type of word is in ALL CAPS? Why? Content words (the words that carry the most meaning) Nouns, main verbs*, adjectives, adverbs, negatives (can’t), wh-words, interjections (wow) *Note: For phrasal verbs, stress is on the second word: “Went UP” & “Fell DOWN”

  19. Which words are not as strong? Why? • JACK ən JILL went UP thə HILL • tə FETCH ə PAIL əvWAter • JACK fell DOWNən BROKE his CROWN • ənJILL came tumbling AFter Note: The schwa vowel sound (/ə/) in reduced words. FUNCTION WORDS; OFTEN REDUCED (THE, AND, OR, ETC.) Articles (a, an, the); conjunctions (or, and); prepositions (of, to, for, at); pronouns (him, her, you); helping verbs (do, can)

  20. Say the word pairs with the between words; what is happening? “Jack and” sounds like: Jᴂ kən “Went up” sounds like: wɛnʌp or wɛntʌp “broke his” sounds like: browkIz Linking Consonant to Vowel: When a word ends in a consonant sound, we often move the consonant sound to the beginning of the next word if it starts with a vowel sound. *) Remember it’s the sound (not the spelling) that matters.

  21. IF time: Read the first paragraph of ARIA aloud. • CIRCLE THE CONTENT WORDS. • Stress the content words. • Note the reduction on some function words. • Link sounds between words where no pause.

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