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Biochemistry

Biochemistry. The chemical basis of life Based on organic (carbon) chemistry. Carbon Compounds. Why is carbon the basis for life?. It has 4 electrons in its outer (valence) electron shell. Octet rule : The most stable elements have 8 electrons in its outer shell, with few exceptions .

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Biochemistry

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  1. Biochemistry The chemical basis of life Based on organic (carbon) chemistry

  2. Carbon Compounds

  3. Why is carbon the basis for life? • It has 4 electrons in its outer (valence) electron shell. • Octet rule: The most stable elements have 8 electrons in its outer shell, with few exceptions. • Carbon forms 4 covalent bonds to fulfill the octet rule. • Therefore, Carbon is really good at forming rings and chains

  4. Some Carbon Compounds Section 2-3 Methane Acetylene Butadiene Benzene Isooctane

  5. Organic compounds • Always contain carbon (carbon can bond with many other elements) • Small units called monomers join together to form polymers

  6. Making polymers • Think of molecules as “mers” • When 2 monomers join, they form dimers. • Adding more monomers form polymers.  1 “mer” = monomer  2 “mers” (mer+mer) = dimer  3or more “mers” (mer+mer+mer+mer) = polymer

  7. 4 Important carbon polymers & complex molecules • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic acids

  8. Dehydration synthesis - • Two monomers join into polymers while losing water molecules • A-OH + B-HAB + H2O • Dehydrate – lose water • Synthesis - composition

  9. Carbohydrates– sugars, starch, cellulose • Elements: C, H, O • Function: quickenergy and structure (4 calories per gram) • Carbohydrates provide cellular energy • Cell Membrane functions and support • Building blocks: Monosaccharidesor simple sugars like glucose C6H12O6 • Examples: • Monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, etc) • Disaccharides (sucrose, lactose, etc) • Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, glycogen, chitin)

  10. Starch Section 2-3 Starch Glucose

  11. Proteins – used for structure and function • Elements: C, H, O, N • Function: can be used for energy (4 calories per gram) but mostly used for cell structure and function (Enzymatic) • Building blocks: amino acids (20) held together by peptide bonds • Sometimes very large, complex molecules • Examples: Proteins, Chemical signals, Enzymes

  12. Amino Acids Section 2-3 Amino group Carboxyl group General structure Alanine Serine

  13. ATP Synthase

  14. Hormones Enzymes Antibodies Hemoglobin Muscle fibers

  15. Enzymes -Functional proteins in your body“Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts and control chemical reactions”. • Enzymes are usually named with –ase ending. • Ex: Peptidase in the stomach breaks down peptide bonds (proteins) • Substratesare the molecules enzymes act upon (Ex: proteins or disaccharides) • Enzymes are catalysts = speeds up reactions

  16. “ose” for sugars “ase” for enzymes • What would you call the enzyme that breaks down sucrose? • What would you call the enzyme that breaks down lactose? • What would you call the enzyme that breaks down maltose?

  17. How enzymes work on reactants (substrates) Label the diagram in your notes.

  18. Lipids – fats, oils, waxes, sterols • Elements: C, H, sometimes (O) • Function: long term stored energy • (9 calories per gram) • Provides insulation & cushioning • Building blocks: 1 glycerol & 3 fatty acids • Examples: • Saturated (animal fats) • Unsaturated (plant oils) • phospholipids are the basic structure of cell membranes. • Steroids are signal chemicals to initiate a process in the body

  19. Examples of Sterols • cholesterol • steroids • estrogen • testosterone Click on the testosterone molecule Draw a general steroid – notice the 4 linked rings

  20. Lipid Structure

  21. Some examples of lipids

  22. Lipids are a vital component of cell membranes

  23. Nucleic acids • Elements: C, H, O, N, P • Functions: store & translate hereditary information. • Building blocks: Monomers of nucleotides (sugar, phosphate, base) • Examples: • DNA (stores code) • RNA (translates code to protein)

  24. Parts of a Nucelotide 3 parts of a Nucleotide: • Sugar • Phosphate • Nitrogen containing Base

  25. What does DNA do? • DNA does NOT govern cell activity directly!! • DNA is the code for the making of proteins used for structure and function.

  26. Stop Notes here…move to Water Properties

  27. The 4 Bases found in DNA

  28. The 4 Bases found in DNA as Nucleotides

  29. DNA Structure

  30. Base Pairing in DNA A ↔ T C ↔ G

  31. How does the decoding work? • The ATC’s & G’s of the DNA are transcribed into an RNA code then read in groups of 3 letters. • DNA: TAC,GCT,CCC,TCT,AAT,ATC,CTG • RNA: AUG,CGA,GGG,AGA,UUA,UAG,GAC • Ribosomes read AUG – CGA – GGG – AGA – UUA – UAG – GAC. • Each 3 nucleotide “word” is called a codon.

  32. Ribosomes use this decoding scheme to determine how to build the appropriate protein.

  33. DNA Amino acids Polypeptide= protein

  34. Organic MacroMolecule Foldable • Name of macromolecule group • Water, Vitamins & Minerals, Lipids, • Nucleic Acids, Proteins, Carbohydrates • Types of molecules in the group • (ex, sugars, starches, cellulose, chitin) • Monomer used as building blocks • (built from monosaccharides) • Examples of the polymers • Simple sugars, honey, pasta, potato, rice, grains) • Pictures/examples (3) of food sources that provide the building blocks to our bodies.

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