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AS Module 1

This resource provides a comprehensive overview of voting culture and behavior alongside electoral systems. It includes typical exam questions divided into sections on voting behavior and electoral systems, focusing on key concepts such as volatility, political culture, tactical voting, and proportional representation. Engage with sample questions exploring the influences of political campaigns, social factors, and the effectiveness of different electoral systems. Equip yourself with essential knowledge to excel in your understanding of democratic participation and political processes.

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AS Module 1

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  1. AS Module 1 A: Voting Culture & Behavior B: Electoral Systems

  2. Typical Exam Questions:Section A: Voting Behavior Part a) consists of an 8 Mark Question that asks you to define terms such as: Volatility , Extremists , Apathy , Core Values Opinion Polls , Class-Based , political culture. Part b) consists of a 22 Mark Question that asks you to discuss evidence of voting patterns: - Voting behavior is influenced more by political factors than by social ones, like class, age or gender. - Has Britain a ‘political culture’ or several distinctive political ‘cultures’? - How far can Campaigns or the Media win elections? - How can turnout influence the outcome of an election?

  3. Typical Exam Questions:Section B: Electoral Systems Part a) consists of an 8 Mark Question that asks you to define terms such as: Tactical Voting , Popular Vote , Threshold , Mandate , Proportional Representation , Referendum , Swing Part b) consists of a 22 Mark Question that asks you to discuss electoral systems or electoral reform: • Despite its unfairness, First-Past-The-Post voting produces strong and popular governments. Discuss. • How far do referendums make governments more responsive to popular opinion? • Assess the case in favor of electoral reform • Assess the advantages & disadvantages of PR

  4. AS Module 1: Unit OneWhat is Politics? 1 Key Questions: • What is ‘political activity’? • How do the people participate in politics? • What are the different levels of participation?

  5. AS Module 1: Unit OneWhat is Politics? 2 • Reading Ch1-P1 : What is politics? • Activity 1-1: What is politics? • Reading Ch1-P2: Political Activity • Activity 1-2: Political Activity • Reading Ch1-P3: Politics in the UK • Activity 1-3: The British political system • Activity 1-4: The Battle of Twyford Down

  6. AS Module 1: Unit OneWhat is Politics? 3 Key Ideas:

  7. AS Module 1: Unit OneWhat is Politics? 4

  8. AS Module 1 : Unit TwoParticipation in a Democracy 1 Key Questions: • What is a democracy? • What different kinds of democracy are there? • How does the British electoral system work?

  9. AS Module 1 : Unit TwoParticipation in a Democracy 2 • Reading Ch7-P1: Democracy • Activity 7-1: Different forms of democracy • Activity 7-2: Evolution of democracy • Reading Ch7-P2: Political participation • Activity 7-3: Political participation in the UK • Reading Ch7-P3: The electoral system • Activity 7-4: Elections in the UK

  10. AS Module 1 : Unit TwoParticipation in a Democracy 3 Key Ideas:

  11. AS Module 1 : Unit TwoParticipation in a Democracy 4

  12. AS Module 1 : Unit ThreeElections, Referenda & Reform 1 Key Questions: • How did the country vote in 1997? • How strong is the case for electoral reform? • What are the advantages & disadvantages of Majority & PR Systems of election? • What are the advantages and disadvantages of the leading systems, proposed for electoral reform? [ Majority: First Past Post AV, SV, 2nd Ballot. PR: Party List, Closed List, STV, Quota. Hybrid: AMS, AV+/ Top Up] • What are the advantages & disadvantages of Referenda?

  13. Module 1: Unit ThreeElections, Referenda & Reform 2 • Activity 7-5: 1997 Election campaign • Ch7-P4: Electoral Reform • Activity 7-7: Different Voting Systems • Activity 7-8: Electoral Reform • Reading Ch7-P3-7: Referendums • Activity 7-6: Referendums in the UK • Reference Activity 6-3: Voting in EU

  14. Module 1: Unit ThreeElections, Referenda & Reform 3 Key ideas:

  15. Module 1: Unit ThreeElections, Referenda & Reform4

  16. AS Module 1: Unit FourPolitical Culture & Social Class 1 Key Questions: • What is the Political Culture, into which electors are socialised? • What socio-economic factors govern the composition of the electorate? • How far are patterns in voting behavior still aligned with social class?

  17. AS Module 1 : Unit FourPolitical Culture and Social Class 2 • Reading Ch5-P1: Social context & • political culture • Activity 5-1: Socialisation & culture • Reading Ch5-P2-1: Social factors • Activity 5-2: A classless society? • Reading Ch9-P1-1/2: Structures Model • Activity 9-1: Social class & Voting

  18. AS Module 1: Unit FourPolitical Culture & Social Class 3 Key Ideas:

  19. AS Module 1: Unit FourPolitical Culture & Social Class 4

  20. AS Module 1: Unit FourPolitical Culture & Social Class 5 Registrar General’s Classification 2001: • 1: Higher Managerial & Professional 1.1: Corporate Managers & Entrepreneurs 1.2: Higher Professionals • 2: Lower Managerial & Professional • 3: Intermediate White Collar & Supervisory • 4: Small employers & Own-Account workers • 5: Lower Supervisory, Non-Manual & Craft/Skilled • 6: Semi-Routine / Skilled, Low Paid & Public Service • 7: Routine / Unskilled manual, near minimum wage • 8: Never worked / Long term unemployed

  21. AS Module 1: Unit FourPolitical Culture & Social Class 6 Institute of Practitioners in Advertising: Class A : Higher managerial, administrative & professional Class B : Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional Class C1: Supervisory or clerical & Junior managerial, administrative & professional Class C2: Skilled manual workers Class D : Semi-skilled / unskilled manual Class E : Unemployed, widows,state pensioners, part-time, minimum earners

  22. AS Module 1 : Unit FiveNorth & South, Home & Abroad 1 Key Questions: • What are the regional variations in voting patterns? • What has been the effect of de-industrialisation on voting patterns? • How has the political role and influence of Trade Unions changed, in recent years? • What impact has membership of the EU had on voting patterns? • How does Britain’s wider role in the world impact on political issues and attitudes?

  23. AS Module 1: Unit FiveNorth & South, Home & Abroad 2 • Reading Ch5-P3: Social impact of • Economic change • Reading Ch9-P1-3: North/South divide • Activity 5-5: De-industrialisation • Activity 5-6: Unions in the 1900’s • Reading Ch6-P12 & 3: E. Union Context • Reading Ch6-P4: Globalisation

  24. AS Module 1: Unit FiveNorth & South, Home & Abroad 3 Key Ideas:

  25. AS Module 1: Unit FiveNorth & South, Home & Abroad 4

  26. AS Module 1: Unit SixAge, Gender, Religion, Ethnicity 1 Key Questions: • What social factors, other than class, might influence the behavior of voters? • How far do the voting habits of [any one of four] reflect those of the electorate generally? • What are the political and social factors influencing the voting habits of [any of the four]? • Explain why, in researching voting behavior, it is difficult to be sure which of the variables is determinative.

  27. AS Module 1: Unit SixAge, Gender, Religion &Ethnicity 2 • Reading Ch5-P2: Gender • Activity 5-3: Women in the late 1900’s • Reading Ch5-P2-3: Ethnicity • Activity 5-4: Racism in Britain • Reading Ch9-P1-3: Age, Religion and • Ethnicity • Reading Page 205 Youth • Reference: Ch11-P1 & Ch11-P2-3/4/5: Black/Female Councillors/MPs

  28. AS Module 1: Unit SixAge, Gender, Religion, Ethnicity 3 Key Ideas:

  29. AS Module 1: Unit SixAge, Gender, Religion, Ethnicity 4

  30. AS Module 1: Unit SevenParty Loyalty and Choice 1 Key Questions: • Are political or social factors more important in determining voting behavior? • Why do people identify themselves as supporters of a political party? • Has De-alignment led to an increased volatility in the electorate? • Do people vote according to rational criteria [issues, ideology, perceptions of competence or the appeal of a leader] do they act from loyalty to a particular class or party?

  31. AS Module 1: Unit SevenParty Loyalty & Choice 2 • Reading Ch9-P2: Party Identification • Model • Activity 9-3: Party Identification Model • Reading Ch9-3: Rational Choice Model • Activity 9-4: Rational Choice Model

  32. AS Module 1: Unit SevenParty Loyalty and Choice 3 Key Ideas:

  33. AS Module 1: Unit SevenParty Loyalty and Choice 4

  34. AS Module 1: Unit EightInfluence of Media & Polls 1 Key Questions: • Evaluate the Dominant Ideology Model of voting behavior. • To what extent can the Media be shown to have affected the short term or long term voting behavior of the British electorate? • How useful are opinion polls in predicting the outcome of an election? • How far can opinion polls actually influence the outcome of an election?

  35. AS Module One : Unit EightInfluence of Media & Polls • Reading Ch9-P4-1/2: Dominant • Ideology Model • Activity 9-5: Dominant ideology Model • Extension Ch19: Political Information • and the Media • Activity 19-2: Press and 1997 Election • Reading CH9-P4-3: Opinion Polls • Activity 9-6: Opinion Polls

  36. AS Module 1: Unit EightInfluence of Media & Polls 3 Key Ideas:

  37. AS Module 1: Unit EightInfluence of Media & Polls 4

  38. AS Module 1: Unit NineVoting Context & General Model 1 Key Questions: • What are the causes and significance of variations in turnout and abstention at general elections? • What are the causes and significance of Third Party or Tactical voting? • How far does the effectiveness of a party’s election campaign determine the outcome of the election? • Evaluate Miller’s General Model of voting behavior.

  39. AS Module 1 : Unit NineVoting Context & General Model 2 • Reading Ch9-P5: Voting Context Model • Activity 9-7: The Voting Context • Reading Ch9-P6: General Model • Activity 9-8: A General Model of Voting

  40. AS Module 1: Unit NineVoting Context & General Model 3 Key Ideas:

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