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Computer Organization

This overview provides a comprehensive understanding of computer systems, including their structure, function, and characteristics. Topics covered include computer evolution, arithmetic operations, central processing unit, control unit, memory organization, I/O organization, parallel organization, and RISC architecture.

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Computer Organization

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  1. Computer Organization Overview of Syllabus

  2. Learning Objectives • To understand the structure, function and characteristics of computer systems • •To understand the design of the various functional units of digital computers • •To learn basics of Parallel Computer Architecture.

  3. Computer Evolution & Arithmetic • A Brief History of computers, Designing for Performance, Von Neumann Architecture, Hardware architecture, • –Computer Components, Interconnection Structures, Bus Interconnection, • –Scalar Data Types, Fixed and Floating point numbers, Signed numbers, Integer Arithmetic, 2’s Complement method for multiplication, • –Booths Algorithm, Hardware Implementation, Division, Restoring and Non-Restoring algorithms, Floating point representations, IEEE standards, Floating point arithmetic

  4. The Central Processing Unit • Machine Instruction characteristics, types of operands, types of operations, Addressing modes, • –Instruction formats, Instruction types, Processor organization, Intel 8086 as example, Programmers model of 8086, max/min mode, Register Organization, Instruction cycles, Read Write cycles, • –8086 assembly instruction examples to explain addressing modes

  5. The Control Unit • Single Bus Organization, Control Unit Operations: Instruction sequencing, • –Micro operations and Register Transfer. • –Hardwired Control: Design methods – State table and classical method, Design • –Examples - Multiplier CU. Micro-programmed Control: Basic concepts, Microinstructions and microprogram sequencing.

  6. Memory Organization • Characteristics of memory systems, Internal and External Memory, Types of memories: ROM: PROM, EPROM, EEPROM, RAM: SRAM, DRAM, SDRAM, RDRAM • –High-Speed Memories: Cache Memory, Organization and Mapping Techniques, Replacement Algorithms, Cache Coherence, MESI protocol. Virtual Memory: Main Memory allocation, • –Segmentation, Paging, Address Translation Virtual to Physical. • –Secondary Storage: Magnetic Disk, Tape, DAT, RAID, Optical memory, CDROM, DVD.

  7. I/O Organization • Input / Output Systems, Programmed I/O, Interrupt Driven I/O,8086 Interrupt structure, Direct Memory Access (DMA), 8237 features. • –Buses and standard Interfaces: Synchronous, Asynchronous, Parallel I/O 8255 features, Serial I/O 8251 features, PCI, SCSI, USB Ports • –Working mechanisms of Peripherals: Keyboard, Mouse, Scanners, Video Displays, Touch Screen panel, Dot Matrix, Desk-jet and Laser Printers.(features and principles)

  8. Parallel Organization • Instruction level pipelining and Superscalar Processors, Multiple Processor Organizations, • –Closely and Loosely coupled multiprocessors systems, Symmetric Multiprocessors, Clusters, UMA NUMA, Vector Computations • –RISC: Instruction execution characteristics,, RISC architecture and pipelining. RISC Vs CISC

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