Introduction of Human Anatomy and Physiology

1. By : AguslinaKirtishanti Introduction of Human Anatomy and Physiology

2. REFERENCES • Martini FH, 2006, Fundamentals of Anatomy & Physiology, 7th edition, Benjamin Cummings, San Fransisco, CA 94111, USA. • Fox SI, 1999, Human Physiology, 6th edition, McGraw-Hill Copany, USA. • Guyton AC, 2000, Textbook Medical of Physiology, 10th edition, WB Saunder Co, Philadelphia, USA.

3. DEFINITION • Anatomy : the study of internal and external structures of the body and physical relationships among body parts. • Physiology is the study of the function of anatomical structures.

4. Level of Organization

5. The Organ System • The Integumentary System • The Skeletal System • The Muscular System • The Nervous System • The Endocrine System • The Cardiovascular System • The Lymphatic System • The Respiratory System • The Digestive System • The Urinary System • The Reproductive System (Male and Female)

6. Homeostasis • Homeostasis : Physiological systems work together to maintain a stable internal environment. • Failure to maintain homeostasis due to illness or even death. • Two general mechanism are involved in homeostasic regulation : • Autoregulation or intrinsic regulation • Extrinsic regulation

7. Homeostasis • A homeostatic regulatory mechanism consists of three parts : • Receptor • Control center • Effector

8. Homeostasis

9. Homeostasis

10. Homeostasis • The homeostatic regulatory mechanism involve : • Negative feedback • Positive feedback

12. Cellular Level Organization • The basic concepts of this theory : • Cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals. • All cells come from the division of preexisting cells. • Cells are the smallest units that perform all vital physiological functions. • Each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level.

13. The Cell

14. The Cell Membrane • Functions of cell membrane : • Physical isolation • Regulation of exchange with the environment • Sensitivity to the environment • Structural support • The cell membrane is extremely thin and delicate, ranging from 6 to 10 nm in thickness. This membrane contain lipids, proteins and carbohydrates.

15. The Cell Membrane

16. The Cell Membrane Membrane Lipids Phospholipidbilayer(42%), in each half of the bilayer, the phospholipid lie with their hydrophilic heads at the membrane surface and their hydrophobic tails on the inside. Membrane Proteins 55% of the weight of a cell membrane. There are two general structural classes of membrane proteins : Integral proteins and Peripheral proteins.

17. The Cell Membrane The functional protein include the following : • Anchoring proteins • Recognition proteins • Enzymes • Receptor proteins • Carrier proteins • Channels

18. The Cell Membrane Membrane Carbohydrates The carbohydrates in the cell membrane are components of complex molecules such as proteoglycans, glycoproteins and glycolipids. The function of membrane carbohydrates are : • Lubrication and protection • Anchoring and locomotion • Specificity in binding • Recognition

19. How Things Get Into and Out of Cells The three major categories are as follows : • Diffusion : simple diffusion and osmosis. Diffusion is a passive process. • Carrier-mediated transport. It can be passive or active. For examples : facilitated diffusion, the sodium-potassium exchange pump, secondary active transport. • Vesicular transport : endocytosis and exocytosis.

23. EXOCYTOSIS

24. ENDOCYTOSIS

25. BODY TISSUES • Epithelial Tissue: simple epithelia dan stratified epithelia, glandular epithelia • Connective Tissues : bone, hyaline cartilage, dense fibrous tissue, areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular connective tissue, blood. • Neural Tissue : neuron dan supporting cells. • Muscle Tissue : skeletal muscle tissue, smooth muscle tissue, cardiac muscle tissue.

27. TERIMA KASIH