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Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

Explore the evolutionary adaptations of plants from Bryophytes to Angiosperms, including key characteristics like lack of vascular tissue, seedless plants, and flowering plants. Learn about terrestrial plant adaptations, such as water conservation, cuticle formation, and secondary compounds. Discover how land plants evolved from Charophyceans 500 million years ago and the life cycles of Bryophytes and Ferns.

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Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land

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  1. Plant Diversity I: How Plants Colonized Land AP Biology Crosby High School

  2. Evolutionary Adaptations • Bryophytes: • Mosses • Lack vascular tissue • Pteridophytes • Ferns • Seedless plants • Gymnosperms: Naked seed • Angiosperm: Flowering plants

  3. Charophyceans • Most related green algae • Similarities • Rosette cellulose-synthesizing complexes • Peroxisomes • Minimize loss of organic product during photorespiration • Phragmoplasts • Alignment of cytoskeletal elements and golgi derived vesicles

  4. Terrestrial Plant Adaptations • Apical Meristems • Multicellular, dependent embryos • Alternation of Generations • Walled Spores Produced in Sporangia • Sporopollenin: durability • Sporangia • Multicellular Gametangia • Archegonia • Antheridia

  5. Other Terrestrial Adaptations • Water Conservation • Cuticle: polyesters and waxes • Stomata: gas exchange • Water Transport (except Bryophytes) • Xylem: water and nutrients • Phloem: sugar, a.a. and other organic product • Secondary Compounds

  6. Land Plants Evolved from Charophyceans 500 mya • Homologous chloroplasts • Homologous peroxisomes • Phragmoplasts • Homologous sperm • Homologous Cellulose walls (20-26% cellulose) • Molecular comparison

  7. Bryophytes • Phylum Hepatophyta: liverworts • Phylum Anthocerophyta: hornworts • Phylum Bryophyta: mosses

  8. Gametophyte • Dominant generation • Moss produce green, branched one-cell-thick filaments (protonema) • Few cells thick and few cm tall • Anchored by rhizoids • Lack cuticle • Separate male and female

  9. Sporophyte • Sporophyte attached to gametophyte • Liverworts: tiny body, short stalk w/ sporangia w/ protective epidermis • Moss: • Foot • Septa • Sporangium (capsule)

  10. Pteridophytes • Vascular systems • Microphylls • Macrophylls • Sporophyte dominant lifecycle • Homosporous • Heterosporous • Megaspores • Microspores

  11. Phylum Lycophyta • Epiphytes: use other organisms as substratum, but are not parasitic • Some close to ground • Upright stems w/ many microphylls • Sporophylls: bear sporangia that release flammable spores

  12. Phylum Pterophyta • Psilophytes • Psilotum: Whisk Fern • Dichotomous branching and lack of true leaves and roots • Sphenophytes • Marshes, streams or sandy roadsides • Upright and horizontal stems (rhizomes)

  13. Phylum Pterophyta • Ferns • Horizontal rhizomes grow leaves w/ extensively branched vascular system • Leaves called fronds and divided into many leaflets • Produce clusters of sporangia (Sori) • Patterns help identify ferns • Sporangia have spring-like structures to catapult spores

  14. Ferns

  15. Fern Life Cycle

  16. Bryophytes

  17. Moss Life cycle

  18. Alternation of Generations

  19. Apical Meristems

  20. Plant Evolution

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