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INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING. BY:MUBAREK Z. INTRODUCTION. Transportation refers to a process of conveying a material from one place to another by using different ways such as:- airway, railway, highway and Waterway
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INTRODUCTION TO TRANSPORTATION PLANNING BY:MUBAREK Z.
INTRODUCTION • Transportation refers to a process of conveying a material from one place to another by using different ways such as:- • airway, • railway, • highway and • Waterway • Transportation engineering therefore generally refers to design, construction, operation and management of airports, railway lines and stations, highways, and water way (harbor and port).
INTRODUCTION TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM • Is a planned network of elements or physical components that play different roles in the transportation of people & goods • The elements or physical components of a transport system are referred to as the facilities. • A transportation system can therefore be considered as consisting of fixed facilities, the flow entities, and control system that permit the movements of peoples and goods.
Fixed Facilities • Are the physical components of the system that are fixed in space and constitutes the network oflinksand nodes of the transportation system. • The links could be roadway segment and railway track • The nodes could be intersections, interchanges, transit terminals, harbors, and airports • The design of these fixed facilities has traditionally been within the realm of civil engineering. • The design includes: • soil and foundation engineering design, • structural engineering design, • the design of drainage systems, and • geometric design, which is concerned with the physical proportioning of the elements of fixed facilities.
Flow Entities • Are the units that traverse the fixed facilities. These include people, vehicles, container units, railroad cars, and so on. • In the case of a road system, the fixed facilities are expected to accommodate a wide variety of vehicle types, ranging from bicycles to large track-trailer .
Control System • The control system consists of vehicular control and flow control. Vehicular control refers to the technological way in which individual vehicles are guided on fixed facilities. Such controls can be manual or automated. • In the case of highway facilities, where the vehicles are manually controlled, these include driver's characteristics, such as time a driver takes to perceive and react to various stimuli. • The flow control system consists of the means that permit the efficient and smooth operation of streams of vehicles and the reduction of conflicts between vehicles. This system includes various types of signing, marking, and signal systems and the underlying rules of operation.
Mobility & Accessibility • Mobilityrefers to the ability to move between different activity sites • If a facility could move people and goods very fast then that facility provides very high mobility • Accessibility refers to the number of activity sites connected by the facility • If a facility provides connection to large number of residences, commercial places and industrial places then it provides very high accessibility • Mobility and accessibility are inversely related.
Mobility Vs Accessibility Note that as the accessibility of road increases, the speed reduces.
Freeways: Freeways are access-controlled divided highways. Access is controlled through the use of interchanges • Expressways: They are superior type of highways and are designed for high speeds ( 120 km/hr is common), high traffic volume and safety. They are generally provided with grade separations at intersections. Parking, loading and unloading of goods and pedestrian traffic is not allowed on expressways.
Major Transportation Systems • Highways • Railways • Airways Example:- A highway is any public road designates major roads or any road open to the public. • Any interconnected set of highways can be variously referred to as a "highway system", a "highway network", or a "highway transportation system". Each country has its own national highway system • Waterways • Pipeline • Conveyor
Transport projects are normally justified for the improvements in • Traffic flow and safety • Savings in energy consumption and travel time • Economic growth, • Increased accessibility, etc
Some other transport projects, however, may be selected for other reasons: • To stimulate employment in a particular region • To compete with other cities or states for prestige • To attract industry • To respond to pressures from political constituency, or • To gain personal benefits from a particular route location or construction projects • In some instances transport projects may not be selected because of opposition from those who would be adversely affected by the project.
Highway Engineering • Highway engineering is an engineering discipline branching from civil engineering which involves the design, construction and maintenance of Highway Systems. • It involves the application of scientific principles to the planning, design, maintenance and operation of a highway project or system of projects.
The Stages of Highway Development • Planning • Project Development • Final Design • Right-of-way, • Construction, And Maintenance
Planning • “… an activity or process that examines the potential of future actions to guide a situation or system toward a desired direction” • Occurs in present but is oriented towards the future Goals:-desired achievements such as, “Meet the mobility needs of the population” “Provide enhanced economic development opportunities”
Planning… Objective:- focuses on how the goal is to be achieved, for example by -reduce congestion, -protect the environment, -avoid accidents, -improve accessibility • Identification of goals and objectives is critical in that they define the evaluation criteria (measure of effectiveness),which is used to select best one from various alternatives. • Different Scales of transport planning: National > Regional > Local
Scope of transportation planning • All man-made projects should start with a plan. • The more significant the project, the more intensive and long term the planning • For large transportation projects, planning starts 20 years before construction.
Situation Definition Problem Definition Search for Solutions Feedback Analysis of Performance Evaluation of Alternatives Choice of Projects Design & Construct Planning Process Establishing the Purpose & Need
Project Development • Define the major features of the resulting project through the remainder of the design and construction process. • The basic steps in this stage includes: • Refinement of purpose and need • Development of a range of alternatives • Evaluation of alternatives • Development of appropriate mitigation
Final Design Developing a Concept • Gives the project a focus and helps to move it toward a specific direction. • Integrating many elements in a highway elements to achieve a common goal or concept. • Helps the designer in making design decisions. Considering Scales Detailing the Design • The product of this stage is a complete set of plans, specifications, and estimates of required quantities of materials.
Right-of-way, Construction And Maintenance Right-of-way :- Land needed for the project is acquired. construction :- Selection of contractor, who then builds the project.
The Addis Ababa-Adama expressway project • It is a part of five-year growth and transformation plan (GTP). • Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) is the developer of the project and Chinese Communications Construction Company (CCCC) is the contractor. • The project is estimated to cost $612m • Is 80km-long expressway and located in Oromia regional state. • It is six-lane, 12m-wide road and can accommodate 15,000 vehicles per day. • It will also have street lights and be wide enough to accommodate three cars at a time. • It reduces travel time to about 40-45 minutes • The government plans to put toll booth on the highway and to charge motorists fees to use the road.
The Addis Ababa-Adama expressway project… • The new road will be 20km shorter than the existing Addis Ababa -Adama road, while the route will be fenced on either sides for protection from pedestrians and animals. • Two design speeds of 100kmph and 120kmph are used for different sections of the road. The new route will have exit points for towns located between Addis Ababa and Adama
Case study • The highway between Meskel Square to kaliti Square(Debre Zeit Road) was re-constructed and opened to Traffic. AACRA`s plan was interior lanes to give a traffic operation for only City Bus, Mid- Bus, & Higher Buses; while exterior lanes serving trucks, taxies and the like. • After a year of service, the Ethiopia Railway corporation(ERC) announces that the AA Light Rail transit going to be constructed on the centre line of this Highway. B/c of this, the interior lanes now completely demolished serving only for one year.
The Question is…. 1 . Was the Transport Planning correct? 2. Who Should be blamed for the loss of cost? AACRA, ERC, or Ministry of transport? 3. What should be recommended to avoid such Scenarios?
