Byzantine Empire Map

1. Byzantine Empire Map

3. Byzantine, Islamic and Middle Ages Key Events • 526 – 1204 Byzantine Era • 526 – St Benedict Establishes Monasticism • 527-565 - Reign of Eastern Emperor Justinian and his wife Theodora • 622 – Mohammed establishes Islam when fleeing from Mecca • 700 – Traditional date of first book in English – Beowulf • 711-715 – Conquest of North Africa and Spain by Muslims/ Arab rule established in and around Mediterranean • 726 – 843 – Iconoclasm – movement against the veneration (worship) of icons in Churches • 768 – 814 – Reign of Charlemagne • Dec. 25, 800 – Charlemagne becomes first Holy Roman Emperor • 800- 900 – Vikings raid northern Europe, Muslims invade Mediterranean, Magyars invade in the East

4. Byzantine, Islamic and Middle Ages Key Events • 800 – the book 1001 Arabian Nights first written • 843 – restoration of the images to Eastern churches • 1054 – Break between Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Church (The Great Schism) • 1071 – Conquest of eastern Byzantine provinces by Seljuks • 1095-1099 – First Crusade called by Pope Urban II (Deus le volt!) • 1095-1307 – Era of the Crusades • 1118 - First branch of warrior monks established – The Knights Templar – soon followed by the Hospitallers and Teutonic Orders • 1204 – Crusaders pillage Constantinople • 1304 – Establishment of the Inquisition during the Albigensian Crusade in France • 1453 – Fall of Constantinople to the Turks – end of Byzantine Era

5. Byzantine Art Characteristics • Onion Domes • Pointed Arches • Gilded Mosaics • Ornate interiors • Patterned and inlaid floors • Slim people with small feet • Small almond shaped faces, huge eyes

6. Justinian as World Conqueror /(Barberini Ivory) 6th century Rome, Italy Relief Sculpture Most successful Byzantine Emperor – almost reconquered entire Western Empire

7. Byzantine Art • Hagia Sophia • 532-537 • Istanbul, Turkey • Architecture • Artist: Anthemius and Isodorus • Built under the direction of Justinian • Largest church of its time; this is the first use of a dome with pendentives

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14. Byzantine Art • San Vitale • 526 – 547 • Ravenna, Italy • Architecture • Typical octagonal shape occurs in Byzantine style, plain exterior, extravagant interiors

17. Byzantine Art • Interior San Vitale • 526 – 547 • Ravenna, Italy • Architecture/Mosaic • The walls of the interior are covered from floor to ceiling with mosaics • The amount of light and angle determines the colors and patterns you can see

20. Byzantine Art • Justinian Mosaic • 547 • Ravenna, Italy • Mosaic • Byzantine mosaics are typically very colorful with a heavy use of gold – note Justinian has a halo (not a saint) • He holds the bread (the host)

21. Byzantine Art • Theodora Mosaic • 547 • Ravenna, Italy • Mosaic • Note the use of gold – note Theodora’s halo – she was no saint • She carried the cup of wine

22. Sacrifice of Abel, Sacrifice of Melchisedech ca. 547 Ravenna, Italy Mosaic The bread and wine are on the altar as the ultimate sacrifice

23. Sant’Apollinare in Classe 533-549 Ravenna, Italy Architecture Typical Byzantine Basilica style – plain exterior

24. Sant’Apollinare in Classe – Interior 533-549 Ravenna, Italy Architecture/Mosaics Interior filled with mosaics and gold

25. Saint ApollinarisAmid Sheep533-549 Ravenna, Italy Mosaic Apse mosaic shows Saint Apollinarisand apostles below

26. Late Byzantine Art • Madonna Enthroned • 1270 • Unknown provenance • Painting • Mix of western and eastern art traditions • Presentation of Christ is Byzantine but symbol of blessing and angels in circles are western

27. Transfiguration of Jesusca. 565 Mount Sinai, Egypt Mosaic Monastery is located on the famed Mountain Monastery of Saint Catherine

29. Virgin (Theotokos) and Child between Saints Theodore and George, icon 6th or early 7th century Mount Sinai, Egypt Painting2 ft. 3 in. x 1 ft. 7 3/8 in. Note shapes of bodies, heads and feet – typical Byzantine style

30. Katholikon and Church of the Theotokos Katholikonearly 11th century, Church of the Theotokos, 10th century HosiosLoukas, Greece Architecture Typical of Greek Byzantine style – exterior more detailed than rest of Empire

31. Katholikon and Church of the Theotokos Plan

34. Nativity of Christ inside Katholikon 11th c. HosiosLoukas, Greece Mosaic Art work was made to fit into the irregular shapes of the church

35. Baptism of Christ inside Katholikon 11th c. HosiosLoukas, Greece Mosaic Note the water effect to disguise Christ’s nudity and create ripples

36. Pantocrator in the Church of the Dormition 1090-1100 Daphni, Greece Mosaic Mosaics begin to use lots of gold as a background taking reality completely out of the art

37. Crucifixion in the Church of the Dormition 1090-1100 Daphni, Greece Mosaic Considered the Byzantine mosaic masterpiece

38. Byzantine Art • St. Mark’s Square (Piazza San Marco) • Begun 1063 • Architecture • Venice, Italy • The bell tower was rebuilt in 19th century due to its collapse • Basilica is typical Byzantine style – onion domes, mosaic decorations

39. Saint Mark’s Cathedral begun 1063 Venice, Italy Architecture Onion domes and mosaics over entrance – typical Byzantine style

41. Byzantine Art • Interior of Saint Mark’s (San Marco) • 1063 • Venice, Italy • Architecture/Mosaic • Heavy use of gold mosaic • Intricately decorated marble patterned floors • In typical Byzantine style in Greek Cross plan • Church was built for a large community

44. Byzantine Art • God Creates Eve • 1200 • Venice, Italy • Mosaic • Mosaic work becomes very intricate with heavy use of gold, but style is still decayed • Biblical stories were told in scenes like these

45. Pala d’Orofrom Saint Mark’s Cathedral ca. 1105 Venice, Italy Craftwork Made of gold cloisonné with precious stones Considered a masterwork of craftsmanship

47. Christ Pantocraterinside Cathedral at Monreale ca. 1180-1190 Monreale, Sicily, Italy Mosaic Sicily was part of the Byzantine Empire and felt its influence heavily

49. David composing the Psalms/Paris Psalter ca. 950-970 Undetermined origination Illuminated Manuscript Best example of Byzantine Illuminated Manuscripts from a period known as the Macedonian Renaissance

50. Anastasisca. 1310-1320 Constantinople, (Istanbul), Turkey Fresco Painting Anastasis means resurrection Christ is seen pulling Adam and Eve out of their tombs in hell, nearby is King David