Research Paper Requirements & Quotation and Citation

1. Research Paper Requirements & Quotation and Citation Basics and Error Correction 2006/4/25 Ref. http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/research/documentation.html

2. Outline • Requirements • Quotation: Purposes and Kinds • establish credibility • Kinds: Separated & Integrated • Avoid wordiness; • Altering the original text. • Work(s) Cited • Citing Electronic Sources; • Citing Chinese Sources • Others

3. Requirements • The final paper will be at least 7 typed pages . • MLA format (e.g. "Works Cited" and internal citation) will be followed. • Plagiarism will be penalized with a grade of zero on the final paper. • The thesis statement of your paper must be in your introduction, and it should be clearly supported in the body of your paper. • There is a minimum of six sources: • at least one print medium • at least one non-print medium

4. Quotation • Purposes: avoid plagiarism, increase credibility by giving evidence or support, for close analysis. • Kinds: paraphrase and direct quote (further divided into: separated and integrated) • Things to Consider: avoiding wordiness and over-quoting, punctuation; logical transition, using ellipses and brackets ([]) for alterations of sources.

5. Quotation (1) –establish critical context and increase credibility • Structure– • Introduction – raises your question and present your thesis statement • Body • related background and critical context • Your response to existing criticism—which is your argument.

6. Quotation –increase credibility and establish critical context e.g. • Structure– • Introduction – Is cosplay an eccentric game or a form of youth culture and art. • Body • Context – • Cosplay in Taiwan –since 1997 • The studies of Cosplay –see next page. • Your response to existing criticism—which is your argument. (Another example: Guggenheim Museum Bilbao) (A different case: Cloning – the paper needs to handle a lot of controversies.)

7. Quotation –increase credibility and establish critical context e.g.2 • Cosplay has been “the subculture of subcultures” (Li qtd in Shu-bau). As subculture, it is inevitable that most people tend to see cosplay as either weird or fancy. However, recently, both cosplay and doujinshi (同人誌) have been more and more the focus of public attention. The recent publication of Cosplay: the Secret Garden of Doujinshi, for instance, interviews cosplayers and discusses its forms of art from four photographers’ perspectives. However, as subculture, there is still a danger of its being co-opted as commercial or misunderstood as a mere waste of time and money.

8. Work Cited • Shu-bau 書包. “Ban-zhuang ian-jiou de fa-zhang. 〈裝扮研究的發展 ──Cosplay相關學術論文回顧〉 [The Development of Cosplay Studies].” June 23 2005. <http://cosphoto.blogspot.com/2005/06/blog-post_112005880055211069.html>. April 24, 2006. • 傻呼嚕同盟. 《COSPLAY‧同人誌之祕密花園》 台北：大塊文化﹐2005.  Romanization practice.

9. Quotation (2): Kinds –separated and integrated • Principle (1): Do not skip the quotation marks if the words are exactly the same. • First of all, I am going to define what meditation is. Meditation is the act in which people stop their minds from being disturbed by the noisy environment.[effects] With the complete relaxation of both body and mind, meditators reach the state of clearness of mind. [effects] There are many different religions that practiced meditation, and thus various postures. The most common one is to sit cross-legged with hands naturally on the legs.[how]

10. Quotation (2): Kinds –integrated • Meditation, according to World Wide Meditation Center, is “consciously directing [one’s] attention to alter [one’s] state of consciousness“ in order to reach a state of mental quietness and clearness. The most common posture is to sit cross-legged, and then to follow the meditation words, music or simply one’s own mind to relax the mind and maintain its equilibrium.

11. Quotation (2): Kinds –separated (on grammar translation method) • Principle (2): Give correct internal citations. Avoid Wordiness • Elementary school students who do not have enough exposure to English language are not supposed to take grammar instruction. “[T]he acquisition of a grammar takes place naturally and inevitably, providing learners experience appropriate opportunities for hearing and using the L2.”(22) Moreover, Hughes pointed out thateven a learner never had the opportunity to receive instruction, he/she could still acquire some basic grammatical rules for “ordering elements in the English noun phrase”(?). […] From this perspective, grammar instruction again should not need to apply to elementary school students, and as a result, needless to say in the conversation class.

12. Quotation (2): Kinds –separated—rev. • Elementary school students who do not have enough exposure to English language are not supposed to take grammar instruction. Instead, “the acquisition of a grammar takes place naturally and inevitably, providing learners appropriate opportunities for hearing and using the L2.” Moreover, even if a learner never has the opportunity to receive grammar instruction, he/she could still acquire some basic grammatical rules for “ordering elements in the English noun phrase” in some natural usages(Hughes 22).[. . .] In other words, it is important for children in elementary school students, and especially in the conversation class, to acquire the language in some lively ways and enjoy doing it, instead of memorizing grammatical rules.

13. Quotation (3): avoiding mis-quoting • Multiple Entry Program • Possible thesis: Apparently, students here seem to get equal opportunities to enter college; however, students of different family backgrounds have different social, financial, and cultural resources, which get counted more in the application and screening channels than in the traditional Joint Entrance Exam. In this paper, I will prove this argument both on the theoretical level and by examining the examples available.

14. Quotation (2): Multiple Entry Program • Social Resources– • a. definition: inside and outside the family • b. influences on children’s learning; • c. influences on Multiple Entry • d. What discriminatory elements can be avoided.

15. Quotation (2): Multiple Entry Program --influence (1) If parents are active in participating school activities or other interpersonal reactions and communications, then the family has a better social resource outside the family, which can contribute to children’s learning positively.From Chen’s research, social resource within the family and outside the family influencespositively both students’ studies and academic achievement. She points out in his research that, generally, parents from higher social status are more active in participating in children’s learning, which includes the frequent interactions between parents and teachers, and instructions or even help offered to help children do homework or prepare for exams (qtd. in Yi-Jing Chen 105). In other words, generally, parents from higher social status have more social resources *both “within the family” and “outside the family”.

16. Quotation (2): Multiple Entry Program --influence (1)—rev. The social resources students need in their education comes mostly from their family.As Coleman points out, parents can play an active role “inside” the family to offer children guidance in study, and “outside” the family in participating in school activities and interacting with the teachers, both of which can contribute to children’s learning positively. Following Coleman, a few researchers in Taiwan study the influences on elementary school children of parents’ care and discipline, their guidance and their expectation. (examples) Although not much has been done on the social resources ‘outside’ the family, it is generally proved that children from better family backgrounds have more social resources to move on to middle education.(Chen 105-06).

17. Quotation (2): Multiple Entry Program --influence (2)— What if parents of higher social status have better relationship with teachers than other parents? Will it not affect teachers when giving grades, adding extra points, or assigning class cadre members? The experience of being class cadre members may add points to the interviews in Application and Skimming-Scanning channels. Moreover, the number of applicants for Skimming-Scanning channel is limited. What if there are many qualified applicants who to apply for the same department in same university?Who will be chosen among them? It is obvious that students’ parents who are school committee members, or school teachers and so on, will be chosen at last. Those students have more advantages than others because of they own social resources (qtd. in Yi-Jing Chen 110). 可能會影響

18. Quotation (2): Multiple Entry Program --influence (2)—rev. How do students’ social resources influence them in their trying the multiple entry program? In Chen’s study of high-school entrance exams, she points out that students with better social resources can bein an advantageous position because their good relations with the teachers may help them in school to get higher grades and be elected as class cadres. Moreover, in direct entry and recommendation channels, there are such subjective elements as choice of recommended students, the writing of recommendation letter and the interview, all of which can benefit a student with better social skills and social connections than those without. (qtd. in Yi-Jing Chen 110). 可能會影響

19. Quotation –methods: 1) indent the long quote • e.g. on Anderson’s symbols of shoes and feet: • “The Red Shoes”: It is significant to notice that this symbol [of shoes] is not a positive one, for it represents the things those characters do not have and thus long for. Karen, the little girl in The Red Shoes, is punished for coveting the red shoes and wearing them at inappropriate occasions—her mother’s funeral. She loses her feet, yet she learns a lesson. The lesson, however, is learned at the expense of her life. As she sits in the pastor’s house and listens to some children’s singing a hymn:

20. Quotation –methods: (1) indent the long quote (2) do not quote without your own interpretation The organ played and the children’s voices in the choir sounded soft and lovely. The bright warm sunshine streamed through the window into the pew where Karen sat, and her heart became so filled with it, so filled with peace and joy, that it broke. Her soul flew on the sunbeams to Heaven, and no one was there who asked after the Red Shoes. (underline added) In the soft and lovely church music, Karen feels blessed by the sunshine, which both fills her heart with peace and joy and “breaks” it. In other words, to go to Heaven, Karen has to get her heart broken and the red shoes completely forgotten. Forbidden by both the church and Heaven, “red shoes” and dancing in them thus signify women’s illicit desire for self and bodily assertion.

21. Use Internal Citation to avoid wordiness • Based on the dissertation, “A Historical Analysis of Coffee Consumption in Taiwan” written by Fan-ting, the development of coffee can be divided into three major periods: first is from 1930 to 1960, second is form 1960 to 1980 and the third is from 1980 to 1990. (41, 82, 122)

22. Errors fixed • Based on the dissertation written by Fang-ting,A Historical Analysis of Coffee Consumption in Taiwan,the development of coffee can be divided into three major periods: the first is from 1930 to 1960, the second is from 1960 to 1980 and the third is from 1980 to 1990 (41, 82, 122).

23. Internal Citation • The development of coffee in Taiwan can be divided into three major periods: first, from 1930 to 1960, second, from 1960 to 1980, and third, from 1980 to 1990 (Fan 41, 82, 122).

24. Internal Citation –Transition & Avoiding wordiness Though its future is yet uncertain, I believe only with creative innovation can Chinese opera retain its unique beauty.Like what Mei Lanfang said: “改掉那些與新時代的社會觀念和美學觀念不相容的因素，卻又不損傷這種傳統審美方式的基本型態，對於能夠充分體現中國戲劇文化的個性、又能與現代人的審美標準接通關係的部位，還要通過精雕細刻的琢磨和刻苦的技術訓練，使之發出空前耀眼的光彩(qtd Chang 44)。” Chinese opera still has its way out in this modern society and under the powerful pressure of western theatrical systems as long as it changes.

25. Internal Citation –Transition & Avoiding wordiness –rev. Although its future is yet uncertain, I believe that only with creative innovation can Chinese opera retain its unique beauty.Creative adapation, as Mei Lanfang pointed out, means changing those “social ideas and aesthetic concepts” contradictory to those of our society, while retaining the basic format and uniqueness of this aesthetic tradition. It means both meeting both modern people’s sense of beauty, and maintaining the harsh training of traditional skills (qtd in Chang 44). This, I believe, is what Chinese opera must go through in order to withstand the powerful invasion of western theatrical and films systems.

26. Quotation e.g. altering the original texts. • First of all, “[t]he news [i]s subjective, spoken by a person,”strongly affirmed by Margaret Morse, a Professor of Film and Video at UC Santa Cruz. • First of all, the news, as Margaret Morse points out, “[i]s subjective, spoken by a person” (?). • Inevitably, news broadcast is “subjective, spoken by a person” (Morse ?) –integrated quotation.

27. Citing Electronic Sources –remember the date of access Omer-Sherman, Ranen. "Jewish/Queer: Thresholds of Vulnerable Identities in Tony Kushner's Angels in America." Shofar: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies 25.4 (Summer 2007): 78-98. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. [Library name], [City], [State abbreviation]. 10 Apr. 2008. <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=26023307&amp;lang=zh-tw&site=ehost-live>. Flannagan, Roy. "Reflections on Milton and Ariosto.“Early Modern Literary Studies 2.3 (1996): 12-45. 16 pars. 22 Feb. 1997 <http://unixg.ubc.ca:7001/0/e-sources/emls/02-3/flanmilt.html>.

28. Citing Chinese Sources –don’t be afraid of troubles! Tsai, Wen-fang (蔡文芳). “星巴克人的誕生-都市咖啡消費空間的解讀.”師大地理研究報告. 2000, 32: 147-169. (In Tong-Yong system) Cai, Wen-fang 蔡文芳. “Sing-ba-ke ren de dan-sheng (〈星巴克人的誕生-都市咖啡消費空間的解讀〉[The Birth of the Starbuck-ers: An Interpretation of the Spaces of Urban Coffee Consumption]).”Shih-da di-li za-jhih bau-gau (《師大地理研究報告》) 32(2000): 147-169.

29. Practice • 陳裕榮 [Chen Ju-rueng] “聯考加分加重學生壓力.” [Extra Credit, Extra Pressure to Aboriginal students] Chinatimes Foundation 16Aug. 1999. 5 Oct. 2003. <http://www.chinatimes.org.tw/news/1999/08/19990816_09.htm>.

30. Practice -- correction • Chen, Ju-Rong 陳裕榮. “Lien-kao jia-fen jia-zhung xue-sheng ya-li. 〈聯考加分加重學生壓力〉 [Extra Credit, Extra Pressure to Aboriginal students].”Chinatimes Foundation 16Aug. 1999. 5 Oct. 2003. <http://www.chinatimes.org.tw/news/1999/08/19990816_09.htm>.

31. Work Cited –Anything wrong? Flash, Grandmaster. “Grand Master Flash’s Definition of Hip Hop.”DaveyD’s Hip Hop Corner. <http://www.daveyd.com/whatisflash.html> Forman, Murray. The Hood Comes First. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 2002. 23-42. 1. DaveyD’s Hip Hop Corner. 19 Dec. 2002. <http://www.... >. 2. Forman, Murray. The Hood Comes First. Middletown, IL: Wesleyan UP, 2002.

32. References • Romanization of Chinese Citation: http://www.eng.fju.edu.tw/research/documentation_chinese.html