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Geology of Fossil Fuels

Geology of Fossil Fuels. Natural Resources. Global uneven distribution of natural resources Global uneven use of natural resources 20% of the wealthiest population use 80% of natural resources; 80% use the rest of 20%

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Geology of Fossil Fuels

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  1. Geology of Fossil Fuels

  2. Natural Resources • Global uneven distribution of natural resources • Global uneven use of natural resources • 20% of the wealthiest population use 80% of natural resources; 80% use the rest of 20% • U.S. with 6% of the world’s population uses 30% of world’s yearly natural resources

  3. Society Kilocalories per Person per Day Modern industrial (United States) 260,000 Modern industrial (other developed nations) 130,000 Early industrial 60,000 Advanced agricultural 20,000 Daily Energy Use Per Person in Different Stages of Development Early agricultural 12,000 Hunter– gatherer 5,000 Primitive 2,000

  4. Per Capita Energy Use and GNP

  5. Energy Sources • Non-renewable (82%, 92% in US) • Oil, Coal, Natural gas, Nuclear power • Renewable (18%, 8% in US) • Biomass, hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind

  6. Nuclear power 6% Nuclear power 8% Hydropower, geothermal, solar, wind 7% Hydropower geothermal solar, wind 4% Natural Gas 23% Natural Gas 23% Biomass 11% Coal 22% Coal 21% Oil 39% Oil 32% Biomass 4% World United States

  7. 3,500 Oil 3,000 2,500 Coal 2,000 Oil equivalent (millions of metric tons) 1,500 1,000 Natural gas 500 0 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 Year GlobalConsumption of Fossil Fuels

  8. Petroleum/Hydrocarbons

  9. Petroleum forms from oceanic micro-organisms

  10. SOURCE ROCKJurassic Kimmeridge Clay Formation, Kimmeridge, Dorset

  11. Jurassic shale and limestone cliffs of Lyme Regis, Dorset

  12. Fossil ammonites from Jurassic

  13. Durdle Door, Dorset, England

  14. Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface

  15. Reservoir rockMiddle Jurassic, Bridport Sands, Dorset

  16. Natural “traps” keep oil and gas from oozing out at the surface

  17. La Brea Tar Pits, California

  18. Location of petroleum deposits worldwide

  19. Regional Shares of Proved Oil Reserves

  20. Western Europe 2% North America 6.7% Africa 5% Latin America 6.5% Eastern Europe and Russia 8% Middle East 67.9% Far East and Oceania 5.9% The World’s Oil Reserves

  21. Who uses petroleum? 2000 US Dept. of Energy

  22. Oil Use in US • 62% of energy comes from oil and natural gas • 95% of energy used for transportation comes from oil • 3% of world oil reserve • Use 30% of global oil production • 68% for transportation • Import 60% of oil supplies

  23. Oil Discovery (3 year average - past and projected) 1930-2050

  24. Petroleum depletion In the next 50 years, we will see the end of “inexpensive” petroleum

  25. Coal – the “other” Fossil Fuel

  26. Coal forms from plant material in Coastal Swamps

  27. Formation of coal

  28. Coal deposits in North America

  29. Major Coal Basins

  30. Worldwide coal deposits

  31. Coal Statistics • Usage • 21% of energy (62% of electricity) • 22% of energy (52% of electricity) in US • Identified reserves • 225 years at current rate • 65 years (with 2% annual increase) • Depletion is not as imminent, but…

  32. Pollution from Coal • Radioactivity and toxic metals • Sulfur and Nitrogen Oxides • Largest single source of acid rain • CO2 and global warming - 36% emission • Land disturbance • Water pollution by mine drainage and toxic chemicals

  33. “The good old days”

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