CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment

1. CHAPTER 14 Animals of the Pelagic Environment http://www.aloha.com/~lifeguards http://www.yoto98.noaa.gov/books/whales

2. http://www.fineartradiography.com/images/nautilus-pos.jpg How organisms avoid sinking • Increase buoyancy • Gas containers • Rigid container such as shells (internal or external) or… • Swim bladder Fig. 14.2 http://www.geocities.com/darthdusan/nautilusNYCaquarium.jpg

3. http://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/~natsirt/aph162/webpages/dylanandco/lab1/imagehttp://www.rpgroup.caltech.edu/~natsirt/aph162/webpages/dylanandco/lab1/image http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/people/klf/MicroGalleryLarge_files/Forams1.jpg How organisms avoid sinking • Float – less dense than saltwater or neutral • Microscopic zooplankton have shells or tests • Radiolarians • Foraminifers • Copepods • Macroscopic zooplankton may have oil droplets • Krill (resemble mini-shrimp or large copepods) Foraminifers Fish egg with oil droplet Krill http://www.sfos.uaf.edu/research/arcdiv/watercolumn/euphausiid/images

4. How to avoid sinking • Floating macroscopic zooplankton • Cnidarians • Hydrozoan (Portuguese man-of-war) gas-filled float • Scyphozoan (jellyfish) soft low-density bodies http://www.aboututila.com/Photos/AdamLaverty/

5. http://i184.photobucket.com/albums/x245/Aquaman1956/fish_swimming.gifhttp://i184.photobucket.com/albums/x245/Aquaman1956/fish_swimming.gif How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • Fish – swim by curving body from front to back http://www.jupitergreetings.com/files/anims/thumbnails/266_sm.gif Fig. 14.9 http://www.wissenschaft-online.de/sixcms/media.php/591

6. http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2001/dec21_clague/squid_swimming-400.jpghttp://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2001/dec21_clague/squid_swimming-400.jpg How to avoid sinking Unknown deep sea squid • Active swimming – Squid • Swim by trapping water and expelling it • Also swim by using fins http://www.smithsonianmag.si.edu/smithsonian/issues96/may96 http://www.fishingnj.org/jpegs

7. How to avoid sinking • Active swimming • sea turtles use flippers • marine mammals use up/down tail movements • Different from fish Sperm whale http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/ http://www.biltek.tubitak.gov.tr/canlilar/img

8. Fin designs in fish • Vertical fins as stabilizers • dosral and anal fins • Paired fins for “steering” and balance • Pelvic and pectoral • Tail fin (caudal) for thrust http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish_fins.gif

9. Fin designs in fish • Rounded caudal finsflexible, maneuver at slow speeds • Truncate finsand forked fins, useful for both maneuvering and thrust • Lunate finsrigid, lots of thrust for fast swimmers • Heterocercal finsasymmetrical, lift for buoyancy (shark)

10. http://www.emeraldinsight.com/fig/0170960108002.png Adaptations for finding prey • Mobility • Lungers wait for prey and pounce (grouper) • Mainly white muscle tissue • Cruisers actively seek prey (tuna) • Mostly red muscle tissue

11. Adaptations for finding prey • Swimming speed • Speed generally proportional to size • Can move very fast for short time (mainly to avoid predation) http://images.inmagine.com/img/imagezoo/iz125/iz125022.jpg http://chemistry.csudh.edu/faculty/jim/cozmay06best/barracuda.jpg

12. Adaptations to finding prey • Most fish cold-blooded but some are warm-blooded • Homeothermic-body temperature above sea water temperature • Modifications in circulatory system • Mainly in fast-swimming fish http://www.sciencedaily.com/images/2005/10/051031133653.jpg

13. Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Mainly fish that consume detritus or each other • Lack of abundant food • Bioluminescence • http://www.ted.com/talks/edith_widder_glowing_life_in_an_underwater_world.html • Fishing lures • Large, sensitive eyes Anglerfish w/ males Lanternfish http://www.antoranz.net/CURIOSA/ZBIOR2/C0301 http://www.lifesci.ucsb.edu/~biolum/organism/pictures/myctophid1.jpg

14. Adaptations of deep-water nekton • Large sharp teeth • Expandable bodies • Hinged jaws Gulper eel http://www.floranimal.ru/pages/animal/b

15. Figure 14.12

16. Adaptations to avoid predation • Schooling • “Safety in numbers” • School may appear as single larger unit • Schooling maneuvers confuse predator http://www.oceanbrite.com/gallery/d/811-2/Fish_School.jpg

19. Some taxonomy…… • Fish • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Chondrichtyes – cartilaginous fish • Sharks, rays • Class Osteichthyes – bony fish

20. Marine Mammals • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Carnivora • Sea otters • Polar Bears • Pinnipeds – Family Odobenidae (walrus), Family Otariidae (Sea lions), Family Phocidae (seals) • Order Sirenia • Manatees and dugongs • Order Cetacea • Whales

21. Whales • Kingdom Animalia • Phylum Chordata • Class Mammalia • Order Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti (toothed whales – dolphins, orcas, sperm whales) • Suborder Mysticeti (baleen whales – blue whale, gray whale)

22. http://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpghttp://www.colonialzone-dr.com/images/manatee%20mother%20and%20calf.jpg Marine mammals • Land-dwelling ancestors • Warm-blooded • Breathe air • Hair/fur • Bear live young • Mammary glands for milk http://images.aad.gov.au/img.py/8bb.jpg

23. http://www.sierraclub.org/compass/uploaded_images/otter-700966.jpghttp://www.sierraclub.org/compass/uploaded_images/otter-700966.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Prominent canine teeth • Sea otters • Polar bears http://www.birdsasart.com/Sea-Otter-w-pup-_T9J9119-Cordova,-AK.jpg http://www.gaszappers.com/wp-content/uploads/2007/04/3-lazy-polar-bears.jpg

24. http://images.livescience.com/images/071008-walrus-04.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Walruses • Eat crustaceans with tusks • Seals http://www.cambriarealty.com/images/seal_pic1.jpg

25. http://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpghttp://www.naturetrek.co.uk/newsletter/images/200796947570.Galapagos-Sea-lion-and-pup.jpg Marine mammals • Carnivora • Pinnepeds • Sea lions • Fur seals http://neilshedden.com/africa/images/animals/seals3.jpg

26. http://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpghttp://www.nepa.gov.jm/yourenv/biodiversity/Species/gifs/manatee.jpg Marine mammals • Sirenia • Herbivores • Manatees • Coastal areas of tropical Atlantic Ocean • Dugongs • Coastal areas of Indian and western Pacific Oceans http://www.cnsweb.org/digestvertebrates/Photos/Dugong%20CL25_1b.jpg

27. http://www.solcomhouse.com/images/wszhale.gif Marine mammals • Cetacea • Stream-lined bodies for fast swimming • Specialized skin (dermal ridges) structure for fast swimming • Whales • Toothed - carnivores • Baleen – filter feeders http://faculty.mccfl.edu/rizkf/OCE1001/Images/whales2.jpg

28. http://www.alaska-passages-yacht-charters.com/breach_1.gif Cetacea Fig. 14.18

29. http://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpghttp://www.flheritage.com/facts/symbols/images/symbols/porpoise.jpg Marine mammals • Dolphins vs. porpoises • Dolphins (Delphinidae) • 35 species • Beaks • melon (fatty organ in forehead) • Prominent, curved dorsal fin • conical, undifferentiated teeth • Range in size from 1.5 m Hector's dolphin to 9 m killer whales • Porpoises (Phocoenidae) • 6 species • Lack prominent beak • laterally compressed teeth • More triangular dorsal fin Bottlenose dolphin Harbor porpoise http://www-heb.pac.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/community/ education/images/harbourporpoise/teeth2_small.gif http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=94551&rendTypeId=4

30. http://www.keanani.com/dolphin_Animation.gif http://www.freewebs.com/cetaceanrc/SpermWhale1.jpg Cetacea • Adaptations for deep diving • Use oxygen efficiently • Able to absorb 90% of oxygen inhaled • Able to store large quantities of oxygen – high levels of myoglobin and hemoglobin • Able to reduce oxygen required for noncritical organs • Slowed cardiac rate • Muscles insensitive to buildup of CO2 • Collapsible lungs http://www.uwrf.edu/biology/electives_dir/444_dir/VSmith/Page1.html#skin

31. Adaptations for deep diving Sperm whales can dive up to 1 hour, 52 min. and to 3 km deep http://www.uwrf.edu/biology/electives_dir/444_dir/VSmith/Page1.html#skin

32. http://hearingresearch.net/pix/FultonCaldwell.gif Cetacea • Suborder Odontoceti(toothed) • Dolphins, porpoises, killer whale, sperm whale • Echolocation to determine distance and direction to objects • Clicks produced in nasal air sacs are focused by the melon • Echos received thru lower jaw  middle ear • Determine shape, size of objects http://www.palaeos.com/Vertebrates/Units/520Cetartiodactyla/520.100.html

33. http://www.nodium.com/wp-content/img/article/503.jpg Intelligence in toothed whales • Large brains relative to body size • Communicate with each other • Brains convoluted • Trainable • Are they intelligent? http://serendip.brynmawr.edu/bb/kinser/images/jerison1.gif

34. Cetacea Suborder Mysticeti Fig. 14.23 Right whale baleen • Baleen whales • Blue whale, finback whale, humpback whale, gray whale, right whale • Fibrous plates of baleensieve prey items • Vocalized sounds for various purposes Right whale feeding http://www.coastalstudies.org/what-we-do/right-whales/fieldnotes.htm

35. http://www.howardhall.com/stories/Gray%20Whale1H.jpg Gray whale migration • 22,000 km (13,700 mi) annual migration from coastal Arctic Ocean to Baja California and Mexico • Feeding grounds in Arctic (summer) • Breeding and birthing grounds in tropical eastern Pacific (winter) Fig. 14-25

36. Whales as endangered species • Fewer whales now than before whaling • International Whaling Treaty • Hunting of gray whale banned in 1938 • Gray removed from endangered list in 1993 as populationrebounded Fig. 14.26 http://typingisnotactivism.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/japan-whaling-2008.jpg

37. http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/http://www.flmnh.ufl.edu/fish/southflorida/everglades/estuarine/images/ Marine reptiles Green • Sea turtles • Prey depends on species Greenseat seagrass(gut flora digests cellulose) Loggerheadseat conch Leatherbackseat jellyfish • Nest on beaches: predation, lights on dunes • Many overexploited Loggerhead Leatherback http://swfsc.nmfs.noaa.gov/PRD/PROGRAMS/turtles http://www.fws.gov/endangered/i

38. Marine iguanas of Galapagos Islands • Feed on submerged algae • Dive for up to 20 minutes • Must surface before they become too cold and can’t climb out of water http://www.surtrek.com/en/images/Program_pics/photogallery/gps http://www.exzooberance.com/virtual%20zoo/they%20walk/iguana

39. Sea snakes of Pacific • Highly poisonous • Truly aquatic - reproduce in water - live-bearers http://www.gbrmpa.gov.au/corp_site/info_services/publications/sotr/1998/photos http://www.oceanbrite.com/albums/Fiji/

41. Misconceptions

42. Florida Sunshine State Standards

43. Ocean Literacy Principles • 3e. - The ocean dominates the Earth’s carbon cycle. Half the primary productivity on Earth takes place in the sunlit layers of the ocean and the ocean absorbs roughly half of all carbon dioxide added to the atmosphere. • 5a. - Ocean life ranges in size from the smallest virus to the largest animal that has lived on Earth, the blue whale. • 5b. - Most life in the ocean exists as microbes. Microbes are the most important primary producers in the ocean. Not only are they the most abundant life form in the ocean, they have extremely fast growth rates and life cycles. • 5c. - Some major groups are found exclusively in the ocean. The diversity of major groups of organisms is much greater in the ocean than on land. • 5d. - Ocean biology provides many unique examples of life cycles, adaptations and important relationships among organisms (symbiosis, predator-prey dynamics and energy transfer) that do not occur on land. • 5e. - The ocean is three-dimensional, offering vast living space and diverse habitats from the surface through the water column to the seafloor. Most of the living space on Earth is in the ocean. • 5f. - Ocean habitats are defined by environmental factors. Due to interactions of abiotic factors such as salinity, temperature, oxygen, pH, light, nutrients, pressure, substrate and circulation, ocean life is not evenly distributed temporally or spatially, i.e., it is “patchy”. Some regions of the ocean support more diverse and abundant life than anywhere on Earth, while much of the ocean is considered a desert. • 5g. - There are deep ocean ecosystems that are independent of energy from sunlight and photosynthetic organisms. Hydrothermal vents, submarine hot springs, methane cold seeps, and whale falls rely only on chemical energy and chemosynthetic organisms to support life. • 5h. - Tides, waves and predation cause vertical zonation patterns along the shore, influencing the distribution and diversity of organisms. • 5i. - Estuaries provide important and productive nursery areas for many marine and aquatic species.