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Overview of Organic Compounds: Structures, Types, and Functions

This section explores organic compounds, highlighting their carbon-based structures and variations, including branched and unbranched skeletons with double bonds and rings. It details the main types: carbohydrates (monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides like starch, glycogen, and cellulose), fats (lipids), nucleic acids (DNA and RNA), and proteins (amino acids). Each type's functional groups, such as hydroxyl and phosphate, and their roles in energy storage, heredity, and cellular functions are discussed.

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Overview of Organic Compounds: Structures, Types, and Functions

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  1. Section 2-3 Organic Compounds

  2. Organic Compounds • Any molecule containing carbon • Carbon skeletons may vary in length • Skeletons may be branched or unbranched

  3. Organic Compounds • Skeletons may have double bonds, which can vary in location. These are called isomers. • Skeletons may be arranged in rings.

  4. Types of Organic Compounds • Carbohydrates • Monomers (single unit sugar) – monosaccharides • Ex: Glucose and Fructose • Disaccharides – two single sugars • Ex: Lactose • Polysaccharides – many monosaccharides linked together • Ex: Starch (energy storage in plants), glycogen (energy storage in animals), and cellulose (gives plants strength and rigidity)

  5. Carbohydrates cont. • Functional Groups present: OH and C=O • Function – main source of energy for all living things

  6. 2. Fats or Lipids • Made of mainly carbon and hydrogen • Mostly nonpolar – will not dissolve in water • Function: Energy storage, cushions vital organs, and insulates the body

  7. 3. Nucleic Acids • Monomers – nucleotides • Functional groups – PO4 • Function – Heredity • Examples – DNA and RNA

  8. 4. Proteins • Monomer – amino acids • Functional Groups: NH2 and COOH • Function – regulate chemical reactions in cells, help fight disease, transport substances into and out of cells, and provide structure for tissues and organs. • Examples : Enzymes

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