Recombinant DNA Technology CHMI 4226 E

1. Recombinant DNA TechnologyCHMI 4226 E Week of April 30, 2009 Functional genomics Transgenic mice Knock-out mice

2. Transgenic mice • Goal: increase the expression of a particular gene in the mouse, with the aim of determining the effect of the gene product on the animal’s phenotype.

3. Transgenic mice • Main steps: • Preparation of the transgene (promoter, epitope tags, etc). • Injection in mouse fertilized egg • Transplantation into foster mother • Analyze the pups for presence and expression of the transgene • Analysis of the phenotype

4. Transgenic mice

5. Transgenic mice

6. Tail was clipped to obtain material for DNA isolation and testing for the presence of the transgene (PCR). Transgenic mice

7. Transgenic mice Transmission of the transgene

8. Exons/intron of b-globine: mRNA stabilization anf improvement of exportation of the mRNA from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. IRBP: Inter-photoreceptor retinoid binding protein: expression restricted to the retinal photoreceptor cells. Transgenic mice

9. Transgenic mice Careful breeding can lead to interesting findings

10. Transgenic mice Random insertion of the transgene in the genome can complicate things a bit…

11. Transgenic mice • Avantages: • Alloes on the study the effect of a gene on an animal. • Gene therapy. • Disadvantages: • Overexpression of the gene • Random insertion into the genome can cause several artefacts: • Inactivation of other genes that can be the result of the phenotype • Variable expression levels of the transgene (e.g. insertion into heterochromatin: « position-effect variegation »)

12. Knock-out animals • Animals in which a specific gene has been inactivated by homologous recombination • Allows on to determine the effect of the absence of a single gene on the animal’s phenotype.

13. Knock-out mice • Main steps: • Preparation of the transgene • Transfection into embryonic stem cells (ESC) and selection. • Transfer ESC into blastocysts and into foster mothers • Screening of chimeric mice (mice having a mixtures of cells in which the gene is inactivated or not) • Breedings to obtain homozygotes for the mutation (-/-)

14. Knock-out miceEmbryonic stem cells

15. Knock-out miceEmbryonic stem cells

16. Viral thymidine kinase: converts ganciclovir into a nucleotide analog, which will then inhibit DNA replication. Knock-out mice

17. Knock-out mice

18. Cell, Vol. 94, 739–750, September 18, 1998, Knock-out mice Example: Knock-out of the pro-death gene APAF-1

19. ESC contain the inactivated gene Knock-out mice

20. Knock-out mice

21. Cell, Vol. 94, 739–750, September 18, 1998, Knock-out mice In-utéro lethality of APAF-1 -/- mice

22. Cell, Vol. 94, 739–750, September 18, 1998, Knock-out mice Effect of the deletion of an important geneAPAF-1: an activator of cell death

23. Cell, Vol. 94, 739–750, September 18, 1998 Knock-out mice Effect of the deletion of an important geneAPAF-1: an activator of cell death

24. Knock-out mice • Avantages: • Precise insertion of the transgene into the genome via homologous recombination; • Determination of the effect of the elimination of a single gene on the animal’s phenotype; • Disadvantages: • Often without effect (compensatory effect of other genes) • In-utero lethality of the -/- homozygous pups if the gene is indispensable to the development of the animal; • Gene is inactivated in all tissues of the animal;

25. Cre-Lox (Flox) system • Allows one to regulate in vivo theexpression of a transgene or the deletion of a gene.

26. Lox P lox P site Lox P Cre-Lox (Flox) system • Principle: • A lox recombination sequence is inserted on each side of the DNA to be excised; • Recombination between two lox sites is triggered by the cre protein.

27. Cre-Lox (Flox) system System of Lasker et al.

28. Cre-Lox (Flox) system • Construction of two lines of transgenic mice: • One series of mice which possess the gene of interest, the promoter sequence of which being separated by a transcription STOP sequence, itself flanked by lox P sites; • A second line of transgenic mice expressing the cre gene, the expression of which is regulated by a promoter of choice.

29. Cre-Lox (Flox) system • The two mice strains are bred together • The expression of cre in the pups will lead to the excision of the STOP sequence and the expression of the gene of interest.

30. Cell, Vol. 87, 1317–1326, December 27, 1996 Cre-Lox (Flox) system Targeted expression (in time and space) of the gene of interest

31. Cell, Vol. 87, 1317–1326, December 27, 1996 Cre-Lox (Flox) system Targeted expression (in time and space) of the gene of interest

32. Cell, Vol. 87, 1317–1326, December 27, 1996 Cre-Lox (Flox) system Targeted expression (in time and space) of the gene of interest

33. Cell, Vol. 87, 1317–1326, December 27, 1996 Cre-Lox (Flox) system Targeted expression (in time and space) of the gene of interest

34. Cell, Vol. 87, 1317–1326, December 27, 1996 Cre-Lox (Flox) system Targeted expression (in time and space) of the gene of interest

35. Inserted by homologous recombination in ESC Cre-Lox (Flox) system Application to the generation of knock-out mice.

36. Cre-Lox (Flox) system Deletion of the neo gene

37. Cre-Lox (Flox) system Application to the generation of knock-out mice. • Application: knock-out of the testosterone receptor gene (AR:androgen receptor) • Why? • Better understand the role of testosteron in target tissues • AR: only one copy in males (X chromosome) • By classique knock-out techniques: males become resistant to testosterone (phenotype: feminized and sterile).

38. 13498–13503 PNAS October 15, 2002 vol. 99 no. 21 Cre-Lox (Flox) system Application to the generation of knock-out mice.