Ancient Civilization

1. Ancient Civilization 5. archaeologist - The systematic study of past human life and culture by the recovery and examination of remaining material evidence, such as graves, buildings, tools, and pottery. 6. anthropologist - The scientific study of the origin, the behavior, and the physical, social, and cultural development of humans. 7. fossils – the preserved remains or traces of animals, plants, and other organisms from the remote past 8. migration – the movement by humans from one place to another, sometimes over long distances or in large groups

2. 9. agriculture – also called farming, is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi, and other life forms for food, fiber, biofuel, drugs and other products used to sustain and enhance human life 10. cultivate – to prepare and use land for crops or gardening 11. domestication – to train or adapt (an animal or plant) to live in a human environment and be useful to humans. 12. division of labor – cooperating indivduals who perform certain tasks and roles 13. society – large social grouping sharing the same geographical or social territory, subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations 14. civilization - the condition that exists when people have developed effective ways of developing and organizing a society

3. Primary Sources Primary sources are original records of the political, economic, artistic, scientific, social, and intellectual thoughts and achievements of specific historical periods. Produced by the people who participated in and witnessed the past, primary sources offer a variety of points of view and perspectives of events, issues, people, and places. These records can be found anywhere—in a home and government archives—the important thing to remember is they were used or created by someone with firsthand experience of an event.

4. Examples of Primary Sources Primary sources are not just documents and written records. There are many different kinds of primary sources, including: • Audio—oral histories or memoirs, interviews, music • Images—photographs, videos, film, fine art • Objects—clothing (fashion or uniforms), tools, pottery, gravestones, inventions, weapons, memorabilia • Statistics—census data, population statistics, weather records • Text—letters, diaries, original documents, legal agreements, treaties, maps, laws, advertisements, recipes, • Sermons/lectures

5. Secondary Sources A secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps removed from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them. Secondary sources look beyond a particular event or artifact and can broaden your perspective and research. They can also provide historical perspective based on other events that have taken place since the original event or work.

6. Examples of Secondary Sources PUBLICATIONS: • textbooks • magazine articles • histories • pictures within text • commentaries • encyclopedias

7. How do primary and secondary sources differ? While primary sources are the original records created by firsthand witnesses of an event, secondary sources are documents, texts, images, and objects about an event created by someone who typically referenced the primary sources for their information. Textbooks are excellent examples of secondary sources.

9. Babylonian Civilization • King Hammurabi of the city of Babylon is the most famous of the Amorite rulers. Hammurabi founded an empire known as the Babylonian Empire, which was named after his capital city. Hammurabi ruled from about 1792-1750 BC. The beginning of Hammurabi's reign was peaceful. As a defensive measure, Hammurabi had the walls around Babylon improved, and through diplomacy, made allies with many of the cities north of Babylon. In the last ten years of his reign, Hammurabi conquered Lower Mesopotamia. He used the Euphrates river to his advantage. Hammurabi held back the waters of the Euphrates, ruining the crops of lower cities, then he released the water and flooded his enemies. In this way Hammurabi ruled most of Mesopotamia.

10. Hammurabi’s Code • Hammurabi is best known for a set of laws he gave to his empire known as the Code of Hammurabi. The laws were carved on 8 foot stones, called steles, and placed in the cities of his empire. In this way the laws could not be changed and were posted for all to see, though few people could read. Hammurabi wanted to be known as a fair and just ruler. After the reign of Hammurabi, the Babylonians were attacked and weakened by the Hittites, a group of people from Asia Minor. The capital city of Babylon was sacked. Eventually, the Assyrians would conquer Babylon and Mesopotamia, but the lasting achievements of Babylon included advances in mathematics, astronomy and trade.

11. As you come in…Sharpen Pencils, fold paper, and begin working on Hammurabi’s Code Activity – Remember you are creating your own rule for each topic and drawing a picture. • If someone cuts down a tree on someone else's land, he will pay for it. • If someone is careless when watering his fields, and he floods someone else's by accident, he will pay for the grain he has ruined. • If a man wants to throw his son out of the house, he has to go before a judge and say, "I don't want my son to live in my house any more." The judge will find out the reasons. If the reasons are not good, the man can't throw his son out. • If the son has done some great evil to his father, his father must forgive him the first time. But if he has done something evil twice, his father can throw him out. • If a thief steals a cow, a sheep, a donkey, a pig, or a goat, he will pay ten times what it is worth. If he doesn't have any money to pay with, he will be put to death. • An eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth. If a man puts out the eye of another man, put his own eye out. If he knocks out another man's tooth, knock out his own tooth. If he breaks another man's bone, break his own bone. • If a doctor operates a patient and the patient dies, the doctor's hand will be cut off. • If a builder builds a house, and that house collapses and kills the owner's son, the builder's son will be put to death.