APUSH UNIT NINE

1. APUSH UNIT NINE Chapter 26: America in a World at War pp. 705-711 pp. 712-722 pp. 722-730

2. December 7, 1941- “A date which will live in infamy”

3. The Effects of Pearl Harbor • December 8, 1941: Congress declared war on Japan • Unified Americans • “Pearl Harbor Thinking” affects generations of future foreign policy • Justified the crusade – “the noble fight” • Japanese Internment • Leads indirectly to Korean and Vietnam Wars

4. World War II: • USA faced a “two front war:” • The Atlantic Front (ETO, or “European Theater of Operations”) was against Germany and Italy • It was fought primarily by the Army. • The Pacific Front was against Japan • It was fought primarily by the Navy and Marine Corps

5. Axis Powers: Germany Italy Japan Romania Bulgaria Hungary Libya Allied Powers: Great Britain (and her colonies) French colonies Spring 1940-Summer 1941

6. War on Two Fronts • Unity of opinion about the war • The war was going badly in 1942 • Britain appeared ready to collapse • Soviet Union was staggering • Allied strongholds falling in the Pacific • 1st task → prevent defeat

7. Containing the Japanese Following the attack on Pearl Harbor → Japan attacks: • The Philippines • Guam • Wake Island • Hong Kong • Singapore • The Dutch East Indies • Burma American Strategy in the Pacific: • General Douglas MacArthur would move west from Australia through New Guinea then retake the Philippines • Admiral Chester Nimitz would move east from Hawaii • The two offensives would come together in an invasion of Japan

8. Pacific Theater • Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere→ Japanese empire in the Pacific • Bataan Death March → 60-80,000 American and Filipino prisoners forced marched → 10,000 die

9. Pacific Theater • Battle of Coral Sea→ American naval victory in May 1942 • Battle of Midway → major American naval victory in June 1942 • Battle of Guadalcanal→ brutal 6 months of jungle fighting w/heavy losses on both sides • By mid-1943 → Japan has been stopped → U.S. on offense in the southern and central Pacific

10. Battle of the Coral Sea • May 1942 between Australia and New Guinea • Battle of Aircraft carriers

11. Battle of Midway • June 1942 • Turning point of the war in the Pacific • Japanese advance is halted

12. European Theatre

13. Operation Barbarossa → Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union (June 1941)

14. Hitler is prepared for a 10 week war • “scorched earth” • Soviets are driven back to the gates of Leningrad and Moscow • Germans are stopped by the onset of the Russian winter

15. Holding Off The Germans • U.S. → focus on the European theater then the Pacific theater • The Grand Alliance → Britain, USSR, USA • Soviets are doing the bulk of the fighting • British are fighting the Nazi in North Africa • El Alamein • Americans land forces in N. Africa • General George S. Patton • Germans are driven from Africa in May 1943

16. Erwin Rommel “Desert Fox”

17. Stalingrad • winter 1942-1943 • Massive German offensive against Stalingrad in southern Russia • Massive casualties → Hitler’s eastern offensive is stopped • The turning point of the war

18. Urban Warfare

19. Russian Winter • Soviets counterattack • Just like Napoleon → too much and too far • First time in WWII in that Nazi advances are stopped

20. Casablanca Conference • Jan. 1943 meeting between FDR and Churchill • Agree on an Allied invasion of Sicily • Allies move into Italy → Mussolini is overthrown • Allied invasion of France is delayed and Soviets begin to advance into Eastern Europe

21. America and the Holocaust • Nazis begin the “final solution”→ the murder of all European Jews • Death camps → set up in Poland and Eastern Europe • Auschwitz • Focus is on ending the war not end the killing of the Jews • The passenger liner St. Louis turned away in 1939 • Claims that anti-Semitism was a cause of failure to attack railheads or death camps

22. Holocaust

23. 6 million Jews and 4 million others murdered by the Nazis

24. The American People in Wartime • Every individual and every material resource would be used against the enemy • Total war • WW II is only on par w/the effect of the Civil War on America • Changes caused by the war reached into every corner of the nation

25. Prosperity • WW II ends the Great Depression • Unemployment, deflation, and industrial sluggishness vanishes • Federal spending • War induced economic recovery

26. War and the West • Govt spending → most dramatic in the west • Factories, military and transportation facilities, highways, power plants built on the west coast • Pacific coast became center of the aviation industry • Ship building center • Sets the stage for future econ growth

27. Labor and the War • War creates labor shortages • 15 million men and women were taken out of the workforce • Unemployed, young, elderly, and women filled the gap • War gave an enormous boost to union membership • Govt was interested in controlling inflation and maintaining production → govt and labor unions worked to limit gains

28. Stabilizing the Boom • Wage and price controls were put in place to curb inflation • Office of Price Administration→ created to enforce wage and price controls • Financing the War → borrowing, bonds, higher taxes

29. Mobilizing Production • Search for an effective mechanism to mobilize the econ for war • War Production Board → then replaced by the Office of War Mobilization • By 1944 the U.S. was producing twice the output of the all the Axis countries combined

30. Wartime Science and Technology • radar and sonar • The Ultra project • Enigma→ the Nazi code machine • Alan Turing → pioneering British computer expert and breaker of the Nazi code • Magic → American code breaking project

31. African Americans and the War • FEPC → Fair Employment Practices Commission → investigate discrimination in the workplace • Continued black migration to northern urban cities • CORE → Congress of Racial Equality → mobilize mass resistance to segregation

32. Native Americans and the War • 25,OOO Native Americans served in World War II • Ira Hayes • “code-talkers”

33. Mexican American War Workers • Braceros – contract laborers → Mexican workers were allowed into the country for a limited time to provide labor • Mexican migration into cities • Puchucos → street gangs • “zoot suits” → long jackets, baggy pants, tied at ankles, broad brimmed hats • Zoot suit riots 1943 → white sailors versus Mexican American teenagers

34. Women and Children at War • 60% increase in women in the work force • “Rosie the Riveter”→ symbolized the new importance of the female industrial workforce • WACs and WAVEs • Limited child care → latchkey children, juvenile crime • Beginning of the baby boom

35. Women and the War

36. Wartime Life and Culture • Economic good times → in spite of shortages of consumer goods • Fighting for future prosperity • “Home is where the good things are – the generosity, the good pay, the comforts, the democracy, the pie.” • Pinup girls • USO’s → recruited women who danced and provided “wholesome” company for lonely servicemen

37. The Internment of Japanese Americans • Ethnic distinctions blurred • Anti-Japanese prejudice • Issei (first generation) were Japanese immigrants living in America • Nisei (second generation) were children born in America of Japanese immigrant parents

38. Japanese Americans 1942: FDR issued an executive order to resettle Americans of Japanese descent to “internment camps” in the far west, away from the western seacoast Over 100,000 people were interned They remained “relocated” until 1946 There was little complaint in California over this system California Governor (later Chief Justice) Earl Warren enforced the order Nisei lawsuit Korematsu v. United Stateschallenged FDR’s authority, citing 4th and 14th amendment violations. 1946, Supreme Court upheld FDR’s and Warren’s actions. The Japanese Garden in Overton Park was destroyed after Pearl Harbor

39. Chinese Americans and the War • Legal and social status of Chinese Americans improved in WW II • Chinese Exclusion Act repealed • Chinese begin moving out of Chinatowns • Chinese participation war effort → higher draft rate

40. Retreat From Reform • From “Dr. New Deal to Dr. Win-the –War” • Dismantling the New Deal • No more need for relief programs • Election of 1944 → tired and frail FDR wins his fourth term for the presidency

41. The Defeat of the Axis • By mid-1943 → Allies had stopped the Axis advance in both Europe and the Pacific • 1943-1945 → Allied offensive that leads to victory

42. The Liberation of France • Strategic bombing • Firebombing of Dresden → Feb. 1945 → 135,000 civilians killed • Normandy Invasion –June 6,1944 • Operation Overlord – D-Day→ largest amphibious invasion in history • Led by U.S. General Dwight D. Eisenhower • Troops used deception → Nazis were expecting landings at Calais • Heavy losses but successful within 1 month – 1 million troops land in France

43. Battle of the Bulge – (Christmas 1944) US Army freed France from German control by winter 1944 Invaded Germany immediately after Germans fought fiercely at the “Battle of the Bulge” in January 1945 But this was last major German effort

44. With USA and Great Britain pushing from the north, west and south And the USSR pushing from the east Nazi Germany was being squeezed Hitler and his staff insisted on continued resistance until the end But knew victory was a hopeless cause With the Allies closing in on his bunker in Berlin → Hitler committed suicide on April 30, 1945 Berlin captured by the Soviets Germany surrendered May 7, 1945 (V-E Day)

45. The Pacific Offensive • “Island Hopping” • In the Pacific →fierce fighting continues • Battle of Leyte Gulf in the Philippines costs Japan most of its naval power. • Kamikaze flights began by Japanese after this loss. • By Summer 1945 → it was obvious that Japan would never surrender.

46. Philippines(October 1944) General Douglas MacArthur had claimed “I Shall Return!”

47. Iwo Jima (February/March 1945) • Tiny volcanic island → costliest single battle in the history of the Marine Corps → 25,000 casualties

48. Okinawa (April – June 1945) More than 250 U.S. ships damaged by Kamikaze - “Divine Wind” 50,000 American casualties and 100,000 Japanese dead Their determination proved that the Japanese would not surrender

49. The Manhattan Project • Albert Einstein • Uranium • Enrico Fermi → splits the atom at the University of Chicago in 1942 • Manhattan Project led by Gen. Leslie Groves

50. Los Alamos • Scientists led J. Robert Oppenheimer were in charge of building the bomb at Los Alamos, New Mexico The Trinity Test • July 16, 1945: the first atomic bomb was exploded at the Alamogordo air base near Albuquerque, NM