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Sigmund Valaker Karsten Bråthen The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment ICCRTS 2008

An Exploratory Study of Transactive Memory System Development in a Geographically Distributed Temporary Organization. Sigmund Valaker Karsten Bråthen The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment ICCRTS 2008. Overview of the presentation. Background Setting Research questions and model

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Sigmund Valaker Karsten Bråthen The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment ICCRTS 2008

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  1. An Exploratory Study of Transactive Memory System Development in a Geographically Distributed Temporary Organization Sigmund Valaker Karsten Bråthen The Norwegian Defence Research Establishment ICCRTS 2008

  2. Overview of the presentation • Background • Setting • Research questions and model • Theoretical considerations • Design • Results • Further research • Implications for practice and training • Questions

  3. Background • Transactive Memory Systems (TMS) defined as: The shared division of cognitive labor with respect to encoding, storing and retrieving knowledge from different domains • May facilitate accurate and rapid information processing • To our knowledge TMS is not investigated in depth in a military context • TMS may be valuable as a concept that shed light on the development of shared knowledge in network based military organizations

  4. Setting:Joint tactical exercise (JADEII) Naval Training EstablishmentHaakonsvern FFI Battle LabKjeller Joint Air Operations Centre Stavanger CRC Mågerø

  5. Setting: CRC and Frigate AAW organization • Joint Air Operational Command element • An air surveillance and combat management element (control and report centre (CRC)) • A maritime task group (two Frigate Anti-Air Warfare (AAW) teams) • Combat aircraft Organization studied:

  6. Challenges for developingTMS in this setting Distributed cooperation: • CRC (location: Mågerø) • Frigate AAW organization (location: Bergen) Ad hoc organizing: • Two teams interacting for the first time Joint task requirements: • Perform basic Recognized Air Picture production procedures • Electronis Support Measures data exchange between Frigates and CRC • Handover of Combat Aircraft Control to Frigate Fighter Control

  7. Research questions and model • What are the factors that may enhance TMS in a distributed temporary military organization? • What is the utility of TMS in a distributed temporary military organization? Perception of task and Task Characteristics Mutual Understanding Transactive Memory System Task Related Interaction and Perceptions of Media Condition Situation Awareness

  8. Theoretical considerations Antecedents: • Training tasks that differ in surface characteristics may enhance TMS • Low task analyzability and high task variability may enhance TMS • High levels of safety organizing and perceived media richness may enhance TMS Outcomes: • TMS may enhance mutual understanding (MU) and situation awareness (SA) Control variables: • Intragroup conflict • Experience working distributed

  9. Design • Combination of quantitative experiment and qualitative observation • Measured development of TMS in the organization (n=8) during two days of training: • Questionnaire on background variables before the training • Questionnaire with items relating to the variable of the research model and intragroup conflict after each day of training • Control group (n=4) • Expert observations: • Focusing on responses to incidents of interaction between CRC and AAW team

  10. Results 1 TMS developed in all groups all days No large influence seen from the control variables Impact of Antecedents on TMS: • Training seem to sustain TMS and particularly develops trust in others knowledge • High task analyzability correlates negatively with knowledge of others expertise • High task analyzability correlates positively with trust in others knowledge and coordination • Mixed results for task variability • Mixed results for safety organizing and media richness

  11. Results 2 Outcomes of TMS • Positive influence of knowledge of others expertise on SA and MU • Mixed results for trust in others knowledge and coordination Qualitative observation indicates that: • knowledge of others expertise, trust in others knowledge and coordination developed Incidents revealed challenges to coordination: • Lack of coordination because of differences in vocabulary and routines • The two units were able to acknowledge differences in vocabulary and overcome differences in routines

  12. Further research • More refined instruments of TMS applied to particular task environments need to be developed and tested • The impact of communication condition on TMS development need to be investigated further in particular task environments • More rigorous tests of the propositions in this study with adequate sample size

  13. Implications for practice and training • Knowledge of others expertise may enable SA and MU • Perceptions of low task analyzability can be occasions for learning and TMS development • through debriefing and communication practice • The availability of rich communication media may be essential for building TMS rapidly • This may enable feedback, sharing of knowledge and building of relationships • However, possible trade-offs in an operational setting between media that enable interaction and cognitive processing, which needs to be addressed in various task environments QUESTIONS?

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