Empire & Expansion 1890-1909

1. Empire & Expansion 1890-1909

2. Big Issue Now that we are most industrialized country in world: • Big Business saw need for taking over weaker nations for raw materials & markets for their goods. All Europe doing it and U.S. needs to decide: • Isolationism - separation from the affairs of other nations (traditionally the American Way) (Carnegie, G. Cleveland, S. Gompers, Mark Twain – Anti-imperialists) • v. • Imperialism– economic and political control of a stronger nation over a weaker nation. (GB greatest at this w/ ¼ globe under their domain) • By the end of the 1800’s, the United States is becoming less isolationist and more imperialistic(big business want new markets for their goods High Tariff reciprocity called for more u.s. land under our domain, why? )

3. 1867 Sec of State William Seward agreed to purchase Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million – Seward’s Folley(crazy)

4. Americans on their way to China stopped in Hawaii & stayed & by 1850 own ¾ island’s wealth. How could this happen? Compare to Native Americans! • By 1900 Foreigners outnumbered Hawaiians 3 to 1 • By 1875 U.S. & Hawaii have tax free trade (no tariff) • King Kalakawa granted voting rights to only landowners (mostly Americans) (American puppet) -Bayonet Constitution (forced to sign at gunpoint) (bases for tax free) Kalakawa forced to let U.S. build base at Pearl Harbor • But by 1890 Mckinley Tariff revoked the duty free status of Hawaiian sugar so planters want U.S. to annex Hawaii- • American planters wanted the U.S. to take over the islands so to be tax free when selling sugar in U.S. • King seeks treatment for cancer in Europe & dies

5. - A new queen wanted to move the islands toward independence • - Planters asked the U.S. ambassador to tell the U.S. they were in danger • - U.S. marines were sent in (planters take queen as prisoner)

6. - President Cleveland favored Hawaiian independence and would not annex it (sent investigation team to interview Hawaiians found most didn’t want to be annexed) • Cleveland would have freed Hawaii but Queen said she would execute all rebels. • Later, President McKinley(pro business why?)favored annexation – • After the Spanish-American War (1898) it became a U.S. territory

7. Spanish American War U.S. interest w/ Cuba 1. $50 million in U.S. investments in Cuba (mostly in the sugar plantations) 2. $100 million in trade w/ Cuba • Spanish misrule disrupted shipping routes (big business upset) • Many American naturalized citizens (Cuban Americans) who left Cuba & now return to fight against Spanish control

8. Cuban Rebellion • Cuba & Puerto Rico were the only territories in the Americas still occupied by Spain. • (multiple attempts at independence) 1895 Cuban rebels fought for independence against Spain again (200,000 died of illness & starvation in concentration camps) (1/8 pop) • Cubans practicing Guerrilla Warfare –by day Spanish troops had no trouble by night Cubans surprised attacked, practicing scorched earth tactics (if enough damage Spanish leave) (American investments in danger)

9. Scorched Earth Policy • Cubans torched cane fields & Dynamited passenger trains & public facilities- No trouble by day & attacked in the cover of dark (counter insurgency) • Reason Cubans rebel: -Had revolted several times / longest lasting 10yrs • Economics: U.S. McKinley tariff shut out Cuban sugar so hard times & take it out on occupiers = Spain (same tariff issue that caused Americans in Hawaii to expel Queen)

10. U.S. Sympathetic why? • 1. CubanUnderdog • 2. U.S. investments in Cuba • $50 million investments & $100 million trade • 3. U.S. wanted all of Europe out of Americas (Monroe Doctrine) • 4. Yellow Press =newspapers rely on gimmicks instead of truthful news to appeal to readers • 5. Large Cuban-American pop.(10,000)

11. Examples of Yellow Journalism • 2 competing newspapers: Pulitzer & Hearst (profit motive) • Cuban woman stripped searched by brutal Spanish soldiers • Cubans fed to sharks • Poisoned wells • Whole villages put in barbed wire camps that lacked sanitation & prisoners died • Spanish General Weyler “the Buthcher” arrived to crush rebellion (notorious for getting rebellions under control w/ ruthlessness)

12. Delome Letter Feb, 9, 1898 • Spanish Ambassador wrote letter insulting new President McKinley • “McKinley is weak” “ a bidder for the admiration of the crowd.” “an ear to the ground politician” “lacked good faith” (all true) • Press stole letter from mail & put in papers.(aggressive press Muckrakers gone too far) • William Hearst printed the letter in U.S. newspapers & added to outrage - Delome resigned 4th period stopped here

13. U.S.S. Maine • Responding to U.S. pressure to protect American investments in Cuba, McKinley sent U.S.S. Maine on friendly visit to protect American lives & evacuate Americans if necessary (sound familiar??) stopped monday • Ship’s officers went sightseeing that day & took in a bull fight that evening before • Feb 15, 1898 Maine exploded in Havana Harbor killing 260 U.S. sailors

14. Propaganda: U.S.S. Maine &Boston Massacre

15. Most enlisted men were in bunks located in forward part ship so no remains found • Most officers survived because there quarters were in back of ship • Spanish quickly rushed to scene to take care of wounded & Capt. said to press: “public opinion should be suspended until after report”

23. Possible Reasons for Explosion • 1. Mechanical Error in ship • 2. Cubans set explosions why? • to try & get us into war on their side • 3. Spanish set explosion (why least likely?) • FACT: American “war-mad” accepted least likely explanation (were we “war mad” after 9/11? Iraq & Afghanistan?) • (2 investigations by Spain & U.S)-Spain declared mechanical/U.S. declared submarine mine • (1976 report indicated Spain correct=spontaneous combustion in the coal room ) (major problem w/ coal powered ships) 5 tons of gun powder charges right next to coal room (spontaneous combustion) 800 accidents w/ coal powered ships

24. U.S. Declares War on Spain • Hearst printed “Maine split in two by enemy & offered reward $50,000 for capture of evil Spaniards” (demands for war prompt Congress to hold hearings) • *Platt Amendment: anti imperialist agree to war if Cuba is given independence -not taken as territory (anti-imperialist members agree to war) • *2 months after Maine - U.S. declares warApril 11, 1898 • *Congress & President, Fearing upcoming election, caved in to U.S. pressure & declared war (McKinley was weak!) stopped here tues

25. Philippines • 1st attack took place not in Cuba but the Philippines (another Spanish Territory) (what? Why?-imperialist v. anti-imperialists) • 6 U.S. warship against 10 Spanish ship but surprise –sneak into fortified harbor – Battle of Manilla Bay • attack destroyed Spanish Fleet (400 Spanish dead & 1 U.S. dead-heart attack from celebrations in Philippines • But had to wait3 months for ground troops because weakness of U.S. Army & not ready for Philippines attack

27. Filipino Insurrection • While waiting for ground troops to arrive, U.S. Admiral Dewey brought Filipino rebel leader Emilo Aguinaldo to lead revolt in Philippines against Spain • When U.S. ground troops arrived Filipinos controlled¾ of land. • U.S. had also taken & secured Guam (another Spanish colony) (imperialist v. Anti-imperialists) • why so eager for Asian colonies?

28. Rough Riders • The Main Spanish fleet was in Havana Harbor & U.S. blockaded it & prepared forinvasion (naval blockade until ground troops arrive) • T.Roosevelt (assistant sec. of the Navy) (McKinley’s 1st term) resigned post to organize volunteer unit (before presidency) • All different types of people: cowboys,actors, polo players, ex-cons, lawyers, Indians, sheriff, & ivy leaguers • Supposed to be calgary unit but army unable to transport horses, (weakest military) • Press glorified them (propaganda)

29. Battle of San Juan Hill • Troops ill prepared: not enough up-to-date guns, no light weight clothes, wore wool in tropical climate. • June 1898 17,000 U.S. landed S.E. Cuba w/ out incident & marched to capital, Santiago • Charged San Juan Hill/ Kettle Hill & in 1 month Spanish surrender • Rough Riders & 10th Negro Calgary reason for victory

30. Treaty of Paris • McKinley sent 5 negotiators including 3 senators Terms: • Spain gave up Cuba (but what makes us give her independence?) (independent)(Teller Amendment) –between U.S. & Cuba-Platt • Spain gave U.S. Guam, Puerto Rico & the Philippines • U.S. gave Spain $20 million

31. Philippines • U.S. occupied Philippines & Filipinos resisted • Led by Aguinaldo for independence from U.S • Guerilla Warfare against U.S. (4,200 U.S. soldiers killed) 2yrs & torcher tactics used (waterboarding) • The “water cure,” was widely used in the 12-year war in the Philippines. William Howard Taft, the U.S. governor of the islands told Congress it had been used to extract information. • a soldier’s letter boasting of giving 160 people the “water cure,” of whom only 26 survived, • (used against terrorist during W Bush) (cia director)

32. U.S. captured Aguinaldo & forced him & followers to sign oath of allegiance • McKinley annexed Philippines fearing if he didn’t other country would (japan or Germany) • McKinley believed Filipinos not fit for independence so educate & Christianize them. • Philippines don’t gain independence until 1946 (after Japan invades & way more tortures then U.S.)

33. European Powers take advantage of weak China • Industrializing countries of G.B., France, Germany, Japan & Russia take advantage of China’s weakness, • started demanding Spheres of influence =area where country would control all economic activity • U.S. didn’t want territory (sphere) in China but did want access to trade • - U.S. would be shut out w/ spheres of influence if didn’t act

34. Open Door Policy • Pres. McKinley & Sec. of State John Hay sent notes to countries w/ spheres of influence asking them not to interfere w/ free trade w/ in their sphere. How is this tariff issue? • U.S. had 3rd largest navy (influence Sea Power on History by Alfred T. Mahan) • With territories in Guam & Philippines could now exert power in Asia (world power status begins) • Each nation accepted Open Door Policy & U.S. had free trade w/ largest market • Ultimate guide to presidents Call of duty 1899-1921 1:08 • Or Presidents Part 5 1885-1913 (22:12-

35. The Panama Canal • TR & others believed a canal was necessary for saving time & money for commercial & military shipping (during Spanish American War it took weeks for U.S.S. Oregon stationed in CA to get to Cuba, sailing around S.America) • If you could sail through isthmus of Panama where land was the narrowest, trip time would be cut in half

36. French started canal • French Company began building canal in 1882 but stopped when hundreds building the canal died from tropical diseases. (Malaria & mosquito) • (French Engineer Varilla looking to sell to U.S. to make up some of loss $) • 1890 Americans tried to cut a canal through Nicaragua & failed (earthquake prone) • U.S. offered to buy 10 mile long & 6 mile wide area from Colombia for $10 million & $250,000 a year ( they refused)

37. Panama Revolution • American & French business men secretlymeet w/ Panama leaders to convince them to break away from Colombia. (Panamanians had revolted multiple times for independence) • U.S. (American business leaders) w/ TR’s support promises Naval support to Panamanians if they rebelled. • Revolution takes place w/ U.S.S Nashville backed up Panama (TR’s gunboat Diplomacy) • (U.S. Navy wouldn’t allow Columbian reinforcements to move into isthmus) • 3 days later U.S. recognized Panama (what does this mean to be recognized by U.S.?) • 2 weeks later, French engineer became Panama Prime Minister & U.S. /Panama sign Hay-Bunau-Varilla treaty (French Co. gets $40 million) • Latin Americans viewed it as the RAPE of Panama – relations w/ countries turns bad. (Gunboat Diplomacy & Yankeed Pond =Caribbean)

38. The Panama Canal • 2 weeks after independence, Panama & U.S. sign treaty to begin Canal (Colombia is angry) • Years later TR was asked by reporters about tactics used to get canal from Colombia & he admitted “I took the canal” • Colombia protested (after TR statements) & U.S. paid Colombia $25 million for losses ($7 million for Alaska, $15m to Spain for Philippines – spending lots of $ for U.S. expansion) (most industrialized country in world)(1/3rd of all goods made in U.S.) 3rd period

39. Construction of the Canal • Built by U.S. Army Corp of Engineers • Canal went through jungle, across lakes & over mountains • Problems: labor shortages, mudslides, premature dynamite explosions, diseases (malaria, Typhoid, dysentery, cholera) • (4,500 died during construction) mostly from diseases, dynamite,& mudslides

40. Panama Canal Completion • 1904-1914 • $400 million • 8,000 miles shorter than around southern tip of South America • 8-10 hours to go through • 50 miles • 36-38 ships a day • Toll ($) varies on size of vessel, tonnage & cargo • $142, 000 for cruise ship to 38 cents for swimmer (Carter made agreement to give back canal to Panama in 2000)

42. Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine –no interfering in W. Hemisphere & ifinterferingneeded it will be the U.S. not Europe (much resentment)(Bad Neighbor Policy)

43. Taft’s Dollar Diplomacy • TR finished most McKinley's term & 1 of his own & asked if he would run again breaking GW unwritten 2 term limit & he said no! so chose BFF Taft. • Taft realized TR’s policies (gunboat diplomacy) caused much resentment, especially w/ seizure of canal from Colombia • Taft will adopt policy of using U.S. businesses$ to invest in Latin American nations we are trying to influence • Less influence on use of U.S. military & more on $ - Takeover European loans so less reason for Europe to come over • Ex. Took over Honduras debt owed to G.B. & took control of Haiti’s national bank

44. quiz

45. Give one reason for Anti-Imperialism & one reason for expansionist views: • Why did the U.S. abandon its traditional isolationist foreign policy? • What was the addendum to the Declaration of War against Spain? • Why were anti-imperialist suspicious of the first attack in the Spanish American War? • What was T.Roosevelt’s Progressive Platform called and what was Wilson’s platform called? • Explain Wilson’s Progressive solution for the National Bank:

46. Explain the yellow journalistic reasons & the imperialistic reasons for the Spanish American War? 2pts • Explain the Results of the Spanish American War: (treaty) • How did TR end up on McKinley's VP ticket for his 2nd term and what happened? 2pts • What happened in the Philippines? (from Admiral Dewey to Capture of EmiloAquinaldo) 2pts • Explain the reasoning behind the Open Door Policy & what it is? 2pts • How did TR manipulate the seizure of the Panama Canal zone area? 2pts