Communicable & Non-Communicable Infections & Diseases

1. Communicable & Non-Communicable Infections & Diseases Transmission, Effects, & Prevention

2. Student Expectations After reviewing this Health Unit, you should be able to: • Identify the differences between Communicable & Non-Communicable Diseases • Define Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Identify how Sexually Transmitted Diseases can be contracted & passed on • Identify different types of Sexually Transmitted Diseases, symptoms, & complications • Identify prevention of Sexually Transmitted Diseases • Define HIV/AIDS • Identify Facts/Myths of how HIV can be contracted • Identify symptoms & complications of HIV • Identify symptoms & complications of AIDS

3. WHAT IS A DISEASE? A condition that interferes with the proper functioning of the body and mind

4. Immune System What is your Immune System & why is important? • The immune system is the body's defense against infectious organisms and other invaders. Through a series of steps called the immune response, the immune system attacks organisms and substances that invade body systems and cause disease.

5. Communicable Diseases A disease that can be passed from one person to another • Bacteria • Viruses • Colds, Chicken Pox, Measles, HIV/AIDS, Flu, Rabies, Mumps, Smallpox, Herpes, Polio, Hepatitis, Mononucleosis, Tuberculosis, STD’s **Vaccination can prevent many of these diseases caused by a viruses

6. Non Communicable Diseases Diseases which cannot be passed from one person to another The four main types of non-communicable diseases are cardiovascular diseases (like heart attacks and stroke), cancer, chronic respiratory diseases (such as chronic obstructed pulmonary disease/COPD and asthma) and diabetes. Non-communicable diseases kill more than 36 million people each year.

7. Sexually Transmitted Diseases/Infections (STD/STI) - Statistics • Each year there are approximately 20 million new STD/STI infections & almost half of them among youth ages 15-24 • An estimated 65 million people live with an incurable STD. Still, less than half of adults ages 18–44 have ever been tested for an STD other than HIV/AIDS • STD/STIs can have serious health consequences including sterility, infertility, and even death • Some STD/STIs are curable, while other are NOT! All STD/STIs are PREVENTABLE!!! ***The only sure protection against STD/STIs is sexual abstinence – AVOIDANCE OF ANY KIND OF RISKY SEXUAL BEHAVIORS!!

8. Sexually Transmitted Diseases/Infections • An STD /I is a disease or infection that is spread from one person to another through unprotected risky sexual behavior Risky Sexual Behavior: • All unprotected sexual contact • Unprotected Sexual Intercourse, Unprotected Oral Sexual Contact & Unprotected Anal Sexual Contact

9. Common STD/STI Facts • Most STD/STIs can be spread only through unprotected risky sexual contact (vaginal secretions, semen & blood) especially sexual intercourse but, also through contaminated needles, & mother to child • Someone who has an STD/I may not have symptoms or symptoms may come and go • Having an STD/I does not make you immune to it in the future • Most STD/Is do not have vaccines to prevent them • Prompt diagnosis & getting necessary treatment is the first step toward controlling & curing and STD/I and preventing its spread to others • STD/Is can be prevented by avoiding (ABSTINENCE) unprotected risky sexual behaviors!!!

10. ATTENTION!! • STD/STIs and HIV does not discriminate among age, gender, culture, religion, nationality, or lifestyle • ANYONE can be infected if they choose to participate in unprotected risky sexual behaviors with another person who may be infected regardless of age, gender, culture, religion, nationality, or lifestyle

11. Pubic Lice Insects that can crawl from the pubic hair of one person to the pubic hair of another • Contracted through risky sexual contact & from infested clothing, towels, & bedding • Insects live by sucking blood from their host Symptoms • Intense itching • Tiny grayish-white insects in the pubic hair or yellow-white nits (eggs) of the insects Prescribed meds or OTC can kill the lice along with cleaning all infected items

12. Chlamydia • Bacteria caused • Transmitted through unprotected risky sexual contact & from mother to child • Signs of infection appear 1-3 weeks after • Curable with doctor prescribed meds • Having it once does not make you immune to it Symptoms: Girls-unusual vaginal discharge, pain during urination, pain in abdomen, bleeding between menstrual periods Boys –discharge from penis, itching/burning around penis, testicles can become swollen Complications: Girls – infection of urethra & inflammation of cervix PID (pelvic inflammatory disease) – infection of uterus, ovaries, fallopian tubes, infertility Boys – inflammation of urethra & epididymis (transports sperm)

13. Gonorrhea • Bacteria caused • Transmitted through all unprotected risky sexual contact & from mother to child • Women may show signs within 10 days. Men may show signs of infection within 2-5 days after exposure. • Common to have Gonorrhea & Chlamydia at the same time • Treated with antibiotics but does not make you immune Symptoms: Girls: burning during urination, yellow-green discharge, vaginal bleeding between periods Boys: burning during urination, yellowish-white discharge out of the urethra Complications: Girls: PID, scarring, infertility, can cause meningitis & blindness in a newborn Boys: pain/swelling in testicular area, scar tissue, sterility

14. Syphilis • Bacteria caused • Transmitted through all unprotected risky sexual contact & mother to child • Do not always have symptoms • Highly contagious • If diagnosed early, can be cured with antibiotics • If left untreated can cause death

15. Syphilis 3 stages of Infection (signs & symptoms): Women & Men Stage 1: Primary • a sore may appear on the genitals at or near the place where the bacteria entered the body. • firm, round, small, and painless, the sore will develop within 10 to 90 days after contact with the bacteria and will usually last from one to five weeks Stage 2: Secondary • a rash may appear over the entire body or on the hands and soles of the feet. Other symptoms may include fever, swollen lymph glands, sore throat, patchy hair loss, headaches, weight loss, muscle aches, and tiredness • Symptoms may appear from 17 days to six-and-a-half months after infection Stage 3: Latent • untreated bacteria will begin to damage internal organs, including the brain, nerves, eyes, heart, blood vessels, liver, bones, and joints • signs may include uncoordinated muscle movements, paralysis, numbness, gradual blindness, and dementia

16. Genital Herpes • Caused by a virus (Herpes Simplex Virus – HSV2) • Transmitted through all unprotected risky sexual contact • Can cause sores in the mouth & can be spread through secretions in saliva • There is NO CURE, it remains in the body • A doctor can prescribe anti-viral medication to help clear up sores & control recurring outbreaks

17. Genital Herpes Symptoms & Complications Symptoms: Girls & Boys • Itching or pain followed by sores at sit of infection • Red bumps, watery blisters; sores may open up & bleed • Painful urination • Genital area is tender & painful • Flu-like symptoms Complications: • Recurring outbreaks • Increased risk of HIV b/c HIV can enter the body whenever there’s a break in the skin • Meningitis , seizures, and brain damage in newborns

18. Genital Warts & Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Genital Warts: • Caused by a group of viruses called HPV (30 types) • Transmitted through all unprotected risky sexual contact • Most HPV infections have no signs or symptoms • Most HPV infections are common among teens & young adults ( 1 in 2 people can have them at some point in their lives) • No cure for genital warts but treatment to reduce the number or laser therapy or chemical “freezing”

19. Genital Warts Symptoms & Complications Symptoms: located near site of infection Girls: outside the genital area, vagina, cervix, anus Boys: near or on penis, scrotum, or anus • Warts are bumps or growths, can be raised, flat, single/many, large/small, whitish or flesh colored • May not always be visible Complications: • If untreated, can multiply & get bigger • Cervical cancer in Females • Large warts can block urethra, penis, throat, & rectum

20. Vaccine for Genital Warts & HPV • In 2006, the FDA approved the vaccine which is recommended to protect girls from getting cervical cancer, vaginal cancer & warts • In 2009, the FDA approved the vaccine for use in boys & men to prevent genital warts • Safe for females & males ages 9-26 years old • Given as 3 injections over a 6-month period • The vaccine does not protect people who have been infected with HPV before they’ve been vaccinated

21. HEPATITIS B • Caused by virus • Disease of the liver-also caused by long-term alcohol use • Transmitted through: Body fluids, blood, risky sexual contact, tattoo needles, IV drug use, mother to child • No cure, disease can be treated with meds once infected • There is a vaccine!! Symptoms: • Flu-like symptoms, abdominal pain, or pain where liver is Complications: • Liver damage, risk of liver cancer • Babies- 90% will have virus unless a special injection of 1st dose of vaccine at birth is given

22. HIV/AIDS Transmission, Effects, & Prevention

23. HIV • HIV – Human Immunodeficiency Virus • Virus that causes AIDS

24. Origins, History, & Statistics • Researchers believe that HIV originated from a virus typically seen in a particular breed of West African monkey (SIV) • HIV & SIV share many similarities • Researchers believe that SIV may have been transferred & mutated by people who hunted certain animal species through eating or handling the blood of these species of animals that carried the SIV strain • First case of AIDS was identified in San Francisco & New York more than 20 years ago

25. Origins, History, & Statistics • Now, there are an estimated 33 million people living with HIV or AIDS worldwide • Estimated 56, 300 Americans are newly infected each year • 1.1 million Americans are living with HIV or AIDS • More than 3 million people die every year from an AIDS-related illness • Youth: Up to 50 percent of all new HIV infections are among those under age 25. It is estimated that 20,000 young people are infected with HIV every year. That means two young Americans between the ages of 13 and 24 are contracting HIV every hour.

26. How HIV is Spread Spread through: • All unprotected risky sexual contact (intercourse, oral, & anal) with an infected person • HIV circulates in the bloodstream, vaginal secretions, & semen • Sharing needles (injecting drugs or tattoo needles) • People who have other STD/STIs (syphilis, genital herpes, or gonorrhea) are at greater risk for contracting HIV • Mother to child (before birth, during birth, & breastfeeding)

27. How HIV is NOT Spread • Through air (coughing/sneezing) • Casual contact (hugging, shaking hands) • Using the same sports equipment, towel, comb, or furniture • Same phone, shower, tub, or toilet • Sharing eating utensils, plates, cups • Swimming in the same pool • Mosquitoes, ticks, or other insects • Blood Transfusions – all blood in the US is tested for HIV & other infections (since 1986)

28. HIV Facts HIV & AIDS are not the same thing!!! • HIV damages the body’s immune system • Once a person is infected with HIV, the virus attacks “special” immune system cells (T-cells) • The virus attaches to these “special” cells (T-cells) & infects them by injecting HIV DNA into the cell • Once the cell is infected, the HIV will infect another cell & the cycle continues to repeat • As the cycle repeats, the damaged cells are unable to fight infections-----leading to AIDS

29. HIV Facts • A person can live many years without knowing they are positive but also continue to spread the disease Early Signs & Symptoms: • Flu-like (rash, swollen lymph nodes/glands, & muscle aches) More Severe Symptoms: • Fever/night sweats Purplish lesions on skin • Easy bruising Rapid weight loss • Extreme exhaustion Chronic diarrhea

30. HIV Testing How does a person know if they are HIV positive? • Looking for HIV antibodies EIA (Enzyme Immunoassay)-most common type of test. This is a preliminary test. If test comes back negative, no HIV antibodies were present. • If a test comes back positive, must have a second test (confirmatory), also called Western Blot test • If a Western Blot test shows HIV antibodies, a person is diagnosed “HIV Positive”

31. AIDS History • AIDS = Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome • First recognized cases of AIDS occurred in the US in the early 1980’s • People in New York & California were developing opportunistic infections & cancers that were resistant to any treatments

32. AIDS Facts To be diagnosed with AIDS, T-cell count must drop below 200 from 1000 A person develops an “opportunistic infection” – b/c the immune system is too weak to fight off infection which will cause that person to die These include: • Severe bacterial infections • Some cancers • Lymphoma • Severe pulmonary infections

33. A Continued Battle Against HIV/AIDS Drug Therapies • Combinations of new powerful drugs can greatly reduce HIV levels in the blood & prolong life expectancy of HIV patients • Drugs are very powerful & expensive • Not all drugs work for everyone Continuing AIDS Education • Extremely important • Health professionals, educators, workers in federal, state, & local governments are making an all-out effort to teach the public how AIDS is spread and how to prevent it

34. Famous Athletes/Entertainers/World Figures with HIV/AIDS Arthur Ashe – famous tennis player-infected from a blood transfusion (deceased) Magic Johnson-famous basketball player Greg Louganis-Olympic gold medal diver Eazy E-famous rapper from the mid ’90s (deceased) Freddie Mercury-lead singer of Queen (deceased) Robert Reed-dad on the Brady Bunch (deceased) Ryan White-infected from a blood transfusion-wasn’t allowed to attend school (deceased) Pedro Zamora-member of MTV’s Real World (deceased)