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DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMİSTRY

DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMİSTRY. Today We will Discus s. Alchemy and Chemistry in Ancient Civilizations History of Chemistry. Alchemy and Chemistry in Ancient Civilizations. Chemical knowledge start with ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt since 300 B.C. The developed industries are:

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DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMİSTRY

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  1. DEVELOPMENT OF CHEMİSTRY

  2. Today We will Discuss • Alchemy and Chemistry in Ancient Civilizations • History of Chemistry

  3. Alchemy and Chemistry in Ancient Civilizations Chemical knowledge start with ancient civilizations of Mesopotamia and Egypt since 300 B.C. The developed industries are: • Mining ores, extracting metals, alloying and forming. • Glassmaking, glazing, dying, tanning, oil and fat extracting, detergent, perfume making.

  4. Alchemy and Chemistry in Ancient Egypt • Used clay as adhesive for bulding • Beeswax used in carpentry and mummification • Albumin is also used as adhesive.

  5. Gelatin is also used as adhesive • They fermented barley and make beer and bread. • Ferment grape and make wine • They are also made glass and good at metal work.

  6. History of Chemistry • In ancient ages chemistry was more an art than a science. • That time science was not seperated like today. • Philosophers concerned with whole scope of knowledge

  7. Philosophers • Thales belived the world originated from water. • Anaximander believed the four elements are opposition each other and there is a balance between them

  8. Philosophers • Anaximenes said fundemental substance is air, if rarefied air you get fire and if it is condensed become water, even more condensed it becomes earth. • Heraclitus said that fire is the origin of matter

  9. Philosophers • Empedocles argued that all matter was composed four elements.The ratio of these elements affected properties of matter.

  10. Philosophers • Democritus suggested atomos were eternal and could not destroyed. All atoms were different and their shape and the spaces gave them their properties.

  11. Philosophers • Aristotle rejected the theories of Democritus, believed the four elements, but he mentioned another one as AITHER which is the material that fills the region of the universe. • Aristotle’s great influence effect alchemists and Democritus theory wait for 2000 year for proof.

  12. Alchemist are seeking • Philosopher’s Stone (a tool that would allow them to transmute cheap metals into gold. • Elixirir of Life (cure disease) • Fountain of Youth (extend life)

  13. Alchemy was practiced in many regions of the world, including China and the Middle East. Modern chemistry evolved from alchemy.

  14. The Alchemist’s Dream COPPER “SILVER” “GOLD” Zinc coated Brass = Copper + Zinc Why did they try to turn copper into gold?

  15. Alchemy GOLD SILVER COPPER IRON SAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Alchemical symbols for substances… transmutation: changing one substance into another D In ordinary chemistry, we cannot transmute elements.

  16. Some historians are rethinking the role of trial-and-error alchemy in the development of chemistry as a science. Above, “An Alchemist in his Workshop,” by David Teniers II, depicts alchemy in the 17th century.

  17. Contributions of Alchemists a) lab techniques b) medicines c) lab tools and supplies

  18. Laboratory Techniques a) distillationb) filtrationc) crystallizationd) coagulatione) evaporationf) extraction

  19. Mineral Acids H2SO4 (aq)   Sulfuric Acid HCl  (aq)      Hydrochloric AcidHNO3 (aq)    Nitric AcidMinerals to make these acids are present in large quantities, are easily transported, and properties do not change on shelf

  20. Alchemy to chemistry Democritus: first idea of atom Geber(Jabir ibn Hayyan ): worked with mineral acids Paracelsus: last alchemist/first chemist- desired of immortality Robert Boyle: definition of atom Georg Stahl:  phlogiston theory (burning and rusting)

  21. Boyle The first modern criterion of an element:  "it is a basic substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions after it has been isolated from a compound."

  22. Stahl  (1700's): He worked on phlogiston theory to explain burning and rusting:  His greatest contribution to chemistry was in comparing the process of wood burning to the rusting of metals (oxidation). Flaw in theory was that when a metal rusted it gained weight (some said phlogiston had negative weight).

  23. Joseph Priestley Oxygen experiments Phlogiston problem First to create carbonated beverages

  24. Accomplishments of Lavoisier Known as Father of chemistry First chemistry textbook First to explain true nature of burning Named oxygen Naming system for chemicals Explained Law of Conservation of Mass

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