HIV and Mental Health: Beyond CD4 counts and viral loads

1. HIV and Mental Health: Beyond CD4 counts and viral loads Katherine R. Schafer MD Fellow, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health University of Virginia

2. I have no disclosures or conflicts of interest to report

3. Overview • HIV Epidemiology (with a focus on the South) • Brief overview of HIV pathophysiology • Epidemiology of mental illness in people living with HIV • The impact of stress and mental health on HIV infection

4. Current State of the Union • 1,178,350 people aged 13 or older are living with HIV in the U.S. • 20% of these people do not know they are positive • Approximately 50000 Americans become infected each year Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

5. AIDS Diagnoses among Adults and Adolescents, by Population of Area of Residence and Region, 2010—United States http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/urban-nonurban/index.htm

6. Adults and Adolescents Living with an AIDS Diagnosis, by Population of Area of Residence and Region, Year-end 2009—United States http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/urban-nonurban/index.htm

7. New HIV Infections by State (2010) Tennessee ranked 13thwith 976 new cases www.statehealthfacts.org

8. Black/African Americans are disproportionately affected cdc.gov

9. HIV Pathogenesis Image from Cornell Chronicle

10. HIV Life Cycle Adherence receptor antagonists Reverse transcriptase inhibitors 2. Membranefusion & entry Protease inhibitors Maturation Fusion inhibitors Integrase inhibitors 3. Uncoating & reverse transcription 7. Nuclearexport 1. Receptorbinding 8. Translation& Assembly 6. Transcription & RNA processing 9. Budding 4. Nuclearuptake 5. Integration

11. HIV in the Central Nervous System • Infected monocytes and lymphocytes carry virus across blood-brain barrier • Immune response to viral proteins is primary driver of neuronal damage • CNS may exist as a reservoir for virus, even with undetectable plasma viral loads • Antiretrovirals (ARVs) may have varying CNS penetration • Question of advanced aging

12. HIV and Psychiatric Comorbidities

13. Mental Illness in HIV • Major depressive disorder • Adjustment disorder • Bipolar affective disorder • Panic disorder • Alcohol/Cocaine Dependence/Polysubstance Abuse • PTSD (often under diagnosed) • Pain disorder with physical and psychological factors • Primary Thought Disorders • Personality Disorders Slide Courtesy of Gabrielle Marzani MD

14. Common factors in psychiatric patients with HIV • Stigma and shame • Dysfunctional family of origin • Unresolved loss and cut-offs • Risk factors for substance abuse and sexual acting out • Desire to escape HIV reality / avoidance of treatment • Secrecy • Difficulty adhering to treatment Slide courtesy of Karen Ingersoll PhD

15. HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders (HAND) Severity Mind Exchange Working Group; Clin Infect Dis. (2012)

16. Treatment of mental illness in HIV • Use caution with medications due to potential interactions with ARV therapy • Certain ARVs may exacerbate psychiatric symptoms • Multidisciplinary approach – communication with primary HIV provider Slide courtesy of Karen Ingersoll PhD

17. ARV Therapy may exacerbate mental illness • Efavirenz (Sustiva) causes Technicolor dreams (which many people like and relate to an LSD trip), dizziness, headache, confusion, stupor, impaired concentration, agitation, amnesia, depersonalization, hallucinations, insomnia • For most people these side effects resolve in 6-10 weeks, but it can continue and may worsen PTSD • Can cause anxiety, depression and suicidal ideation • Monitor people with a history of depression carefully • Efavirenz can cause a false positive for cannabis Slide courtesy of Gabrielle Marzani MD

18. “A strong body makes the mind strong.” “If the body be feeble, the mind will not be strong” -Thomas Jefferson Impact of mental illness for People Living with hiv

19. Case: Stigma and Denial • 38 yo AAM with HIV/AIDS, depression, and a history of PCP and Hepatitis B • Struggles to accept diagnosis; stops medications when feels better; does not disclose status to partners or family members.

20. Engagement in Care: More than just taking your meds Re-engagement in care Retention in Care Adapted from Ulett et al. 2009

21. 20% 59% 19% Adapted from Gardner et al. 2011 and Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA)

22. Epidemic of Poor Engagement • Increasing reports of poor engagement in care, especially PLWH in the South. • Up to 60% of PLWH in Virginia out of care. (Dolan et al 2007) • 40% of people receiving ADAP services in South Carolina (n = 13,042) have not had a viral load measured in the previous 12 months. (Olatosi et al 2009) • 75% of ADAP-enrolled patients at a large University-based southern HIV clinic do not pick up no-cost medications frequently enough to ensure virologic suppression. (Godwin et al 2009)

23. The Consequences of Poor Engagement • Decreased CD4, increased viral load faster progression to AIDS • Development of resistance mutations • Untreated comorbidities (psychiatric and physiologic) • Increased virologic failure(Mugavero et al. 2009) • Healthcare costs for hospitalization and ER visits (Horstmann et al. 2010) • Mortality (Giordano et al. 2007)

24. Engagement at UVa

25. Factors associated with poor engagement Re-engagement in care Retention in Care • Lifetime traumatic events • Depression • Poor coping • Limited social support • Stress • Uninsured status • Intimate partner violence (?) • Younger age • Higher baseline CD4 • Substance abuse • Missed visits • Higher baseline CD4 • Older age • African American race • Higher baseline viral load Adapted from Ulett et al. 2009

26. Definition • Intimate partner violence (IPV) = “…physical, sexual, or psychological harm by a current or former partner or spouse. This type of violence can occur among heterosexual or same-sex couples and does not require sexual intimacy.”* • Not limited to cohabitating partners *Centers for Disease Control

27. IPV and Health • Prevalence • Women in U.S. ~ 25%1 • Men in U.S. ~ 4.7-16.4% (MMWR 2007) • gay/bisexual men ~ 32.4%2 • IPV associated with poorer general health, depressive symptoms, and unhealthy behaviors3-5 • Physiologic associations Tjaden, et al. US DOJ 2000. Houston E, et al. J Urban Health 2007;84:681-90. Bonomi AE, et al. J Womens Health 2007;16:987-97. Campbell JC. Lancet 2002; 359: 1331-6. Breiding MJ, et al. Ann Epidemiol 2008;18:538-44.

28. IPV and HIV1,2 • IPV Prevalence • HIV+ women ~ 14-67% • 23% - 53.1% of HIV+ men and women3 • Increased lifetime trauma associated with: • AIDS-related mortality • all-cause mortality in HIV+ patients • decreased adherence to ART4 Leserman J, Pence BW, Whetten K, et al. Am J Psychiatry 2007;164:1707-13. Campbell JC, Baty ML, et al. Int J InjContrSafPromot 2008;15:221-31. Siemieniuk R, et al. AIDS Patient care and STDs 2010; 24:763-770. Mugavero M, Ostermann J, Whetten K, et al. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2006;20:418-28.

29. Methods • Participants: HIV+ men and women from the UVA Ryan White Clinic • Cross-sectional surveys to determine IPV prevalence and compare outcome data based on IPV exposure • Evaluation of potential covariates • Post-traumatic stress disorder • Lifetime stressors • Depression • Substance abuse • Socioeconomic status and demographics • Primary Outcomes: • CD4 count • HIV VL • Engagement in care

30. Study Population - UVA Ryan White Clinic • 675 active patients from Virginia and neighboring states • Demographics • 69% male • 89% ages 25-64 • 43% Black/African American • 45% identify as men-who-have-sex-with-men (MSM) • Socioeconomic status • 54% at or below 100% of Federal Poverty Level • 31% uninsured • 42% use Medicare or Medicaid • HIV Risk Factors • 45% MSM • 9% IV drug use • 36% heterosexual contact

31. Schafer et al.AIDS Patient Care & STDs 2012.

32. IPV exposure predicts worse HIV outcomes Schafer et al.AIDS Patient Care & STDs 2012.

33. Multivariate Analysis – IPV Model

34. Implications of Findings • IPV predicts worse outcomes for people living with HIV • HIV care providers should implement routine screening for IPV • Men should be included • Identifying patients with trauma exposures may allow for the development of targeted interventions to improve engagement and disease outcomes

35. Summary HIV is prevalent and the epidemic is now focused in the southeastern U.S. For PLWH, mental illness is a common comorbid condition which has both direct and indirect effects on disease outcomes Incorporating neuropsychological assessments and screening for stressors is an important element of care of PLWH

36. Thank you Study participants Dr. Norman Moore and the Department of Psychiatry at Quillen College of Medicine • Rebecca Dillingham MD MPH • Karen Ingersoll PhD • Linda Bullock PhD RN • Gabrielle Marzani-Nissen MD • William Petri MD PhD • UVA Ryan White clinic staff and faculty • NIH Training grant #5T32AI007046-33

37. Additional References • Cruess et al. BIOL PSYCHIATRY D.G. 2003;54:307–316 • Tegger et al. AIDS PATIENT CARE and STDs 2008; Volume 22, Number 3. • Pence et al. J Acquir Immune DeficSyndr 2006;42:298Y306) • The Mind Exchange Working Group. Clin Infect Dis; 28 Nov 2012 (epubahead of press). • Angelino A & Treisman G. Clinical Infectious Diseases 2001; 33:847–56.

38. Glossary of Abbreviations • PLWH = People living with HIV • ARV = Anti-retroviral • ART = Anti-retroviral therapy • PCP = Pneumocystisjiroveciipneumonia • ADAP = AIDS Drug Assistance Program • VL = viral load • IPV = intimate partner violence

39. Psychotropics Interact with ARVs Slide courtesy of Gabrielle Marzani MD