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Jewish Partizan Warfare in Slovakia

Jewish Partizan Warfare in Slovakia. Paul A. Strassmann Jan Zizka/Jegorov Demolition Squad, September 4, 1944 - March 25, 1945 Former Deputy Asst. Secretary of Defense for Command, Control & Intelligence Adjunct Professor, US Military Academy & National Defense University

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Jewish Partizan Warfare in Slovakia

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  1. Jewish Partizan Warfare in Slovakia Paul A. Strassmann Jan Zizka/Jegorov Demolition Squad, September 4, 1944 - March 25, 1945 Former Deputy Asst. Secretary of Defense for Command, Control & Intelligence Adjunct Professor, US Military Academy & National Defense University Former Chief Information Officer, NASA

  2. Geography 260 miles 120 miles Mountains

  3. The Annihilation of Slovak Jews Jewish population – Less Emigrants 90,000Deported in 1941 to Slovak labor camps -10,000Deported in 1942 to Annihilation camps - 49,000Deported in 1944 to Annihilation camps - 13,500 Executed after uprising fails - 3,500 Combat casualties - 300 Post-liberation trauma -500 Survivors 1945 6,400* * Appx. 1,700 as partizans, or survival rate of 85% ** Holocaust survival rate of Slovak Jews, 8%

  4. Start of Tragedy: Slovak-Nazi Collaboration Republic Msgr. Tiso and A. Hitler, March 1939

  5. Military and Paramilitary Organizations Adopt Nazism Hlinka Gardists – the Agents of Annihilation of Jews

  6. First Step Towards Annihilation: Economic Destruction Receipts for Confiscated Property 10,025 Jewish businesses liquidated; 2,223 transferred to "Aryan" ownership.

  7. Next Step Towards Annihilation: Enslavement Major camps: Sered, Vyhne, Novaky

  8. 1942 Deportations to Annihilation Camps The Slovaks paid 500 Reichmarks as “charges for vocational training" for each deported Jew, receiving in return a guarantee that the Jews would not come back to Slovakia and that no further claims would be laid to their property.

  9. Bureaucratic Processes Organize Transports to Oswiecin Copy of original “shipping document.” Prepared by Jewish Community administrators. Basis for payment of the fee to the SS.

  10. Slovak Militiamen Escorting Jews to Deportation Trains Deported to Auschwitz and to the Lublin area to be killed. The fate of the deportees reported by August 1942 by escapees.

  11. Early Resistance Organizations • March 22, 1942 - Pavol Boros Group. 27 “illegals” (including 18 Jews). Group dispersed and caught after killing a policeman. • July, 1942 - 13 partizans, mostly Jews, tried to derail train. Caught as a group, after betrayal. • November 1942 - Exnar Group. Non-combattant, mostly Jews, living in abandoned mine. Became cadre of a key partizan battalion in 1944.

  12. Meanwhile: Slovak Army Supports German Drive to Russia Slovak Army in Poland, 1939: 51,306 men Slovak Army in USSR, 1941-42: 16,000 – 20,000 men; 4,443 casualties

  13. Military Situation Early in 1944 Approx. Line of Soviet Advance

  14. End-of-War Plans (December 1942-March 1944) • Summer 1942 - Stalin approves post-liberation policy: only Communists will remain in power; • December 1, 1943 – Roosevelt yields to Stalin. Czechoslovakia to stay in Soviet “sphere of influence.” • December 1943 – Slovak Army leaders decide to defect when the Russians are ready to cross into Slovaka; • April 1944 – Stalin reviews uprising plan and assigns political control to Kruschev. • Soviets identify Slovak Army as “Quislings” and criminals

  15. The Original Slovak Army Strategy Strategic Plan • Deploy Strike Division of 37,000 men into readiness (300 artillery, 50 tanks, 42 airplanes, 100 anti-aircraft guns). • Attack Germans at mountain passes when Soviets ready to cross into Slovaka. • Liberate and exonerate Slovakia. • Declare Slovak Republic void. Slovak Army becomes an Allied Army and avoids Soviet retributions.

  16. How Situation Develops in 1944 • July 26 - August 8 - 64 partizan organizers and Soviet political officers land in Slovakia. • Conflicting guidance to Uprising Commanders. No radio response from Soviets. • August 10 – Partizan command in Kiev issues order to units to commence partizan warfare. • August 21-26 - Raids by Soviet partizan squads. German policemen killed.

  17. Sites of Initial Soviet Parachute Drops, Slovak Attack Plans Slovak Support Division 6-8 man Soviet squads Slovak Strike Division Strategic Railroads

  18. How Situation Develops in 1944 – The Beginning of the End • August 27 - German Military Mission executed by Slovak Army, on Slovak Army base, on direction from the Soviets. • September 2 - Germans disarm most of the combat ready Slovak Army. • September 1 to October 28 – Remaining units of Slovak Army and liberated POW’s engage in conventional warfare to protect territory declared as liberated Czechoslovakia. • Communists take over key civilian government posts. • Most of the remaining Jewish population moves to the liberated territory.

  19. Initial Liberated Area (18,000 km2, Population 1.7 M) Command Center, Airfield Seat of Czechoslovak Government Attacks by German Forces repelled (15,000 troops, expected 5 day action)

  20. The Order of Battle Uprising Forces in September, 1944 Slovak Army + Volunteers 60,000 Partizan battalions 18,000 Uprising Supression Forces in October 1944 German (Ukrainian) SS troops 40,000 Slovak Support Troops & Hlinka Guard 20,000

  21. Assistance from USA and U.K. • 10 B-17s land in September and October 1944 • 24 tons of supplies, mostly anti-tank bazookas • 40 person military mission from OSS, British Command in Egypt • 4 person Jewish Palmach Mission • Exile Czechoslovak officer corps from the U.K. • Assistance from the West discouraged, coordination denied by Soviets.

  22. U.S. And British Military Mission U.S. Mission headed by Navy Capt. James Holt Green (OSS). All members of Western missions became casualties.

  23. U.S. B17s Landing 200km Behind German Front Lines Landings by 483rd Bomber Group

  24. Jewish Participation in Combat Original Jewish members of 1944 uprising 1,700Men - 1,500, Women – 200 Includes organized battalion from Novaky labor camp. Jews remaining in partizan warfare after failureof 1944 uprising October 28, 1944 2,000(appx. 20% of partizan force of 10,000) Combat casualty rate 15%

  25. Jewish Paratroopers Training for Partisan Support - 1944 Haviva Reik Zvi Ben Yakov Chermesh

  26. A Jewish Labor Detail – The Cadre for Military Orientation

  27. Jewish Battalion from Novaky Camp • Training started in 1943. • Appointment of Lt. (Res.) Imre Muller as commander. • Limited arms supply acquired in January 1944, contact with underground command established. • August 29, 1944. Concentration camp members disarm sentries. 250 enlist with partizan units, as a coherent group. • August 30, 1944. Occupy Handlova, regional center • September 2, 1944. Occupy Sklene • September 3-5, 1944. Battle of Batovany - conventional attack repulsed, though heavy casualties in absence of artillery or anti-armor weapons. Battalion retreats. • September 20, 1944. Battalion dispersed by Soviet partizan command. Sets precedent for subsequent takeover of all command by NKVD political officers.

  28. Jewish Partizans – from Hashomer Hatzair

  29. Blowing Up Railroad Tracks – The Preferred Tactic

  30. Wreck of a Slovak Freight Train Blown Up by Partizans

  31. Jewish Partizans

  32. Jewish Partizans – Late Fall of 1944

  33. German Battle Plan to Liquidate Uprising 60,000 troops, including combined heavy forces, SS suppression forces (18th SS Panzer Division, Horst Wessel), Vlasov division, Hlinka guard and Wehrmacht tank forces.

  34. Partisans Retreating After Defeat of the Uprising

  35. Assistance from USA and U.K. • Assistance from the West discouraged, coordination denied by the Soviets. • Repeated requests to increase supply shipments to Banska Bystrica denied by British and American Staff. • Soviets assert complete military and political control over Uprising.

  36. Mass Executions Preceded Deportations

  37. Construction of Shelters at Hard to Reach Locations

  38. Half of Partizan Casualties from Disease and Cold

  39. Relief Arriving Too Late - Soviet Command Lets Uprising Die

  40. The Readiness and the Will to Fight is the Price of Freedom!

  41. In Memory of Jews of Trencin

  42. The Trencin Synagogue – Serving 2,000 Jews Following is the list of those murdered in 1942-1945 (Bronze Tablets Placed in 2002)

  43. Abraham Lekarnik Adler Juliuš Adlerová Berta Adlerová Marianna Adlerová Marta Adlerová Mila Adlerová Vera Adlerová Zelma Alt František Alt Julius Altmann Samuel Altmannová Alica Altmannová Pavla Altová Erna Altová Renka Andorová Amalia Arnstein Pavol Ascher Ladislav Auerbach Michal Auerbachová Elena Auerbachová Eva Balaž Arpad Balažová Johanna Bardoš Jozef Bardošová Janka Barna Vojtech Barnová Berta Baron Hugo Baronová Etela Baronová Klara Bauer Hermann Bauerová Frida Beck Alexander Beck Armin Beck Ervin Beck Eugen Beck Ladislav Beck Otto Beck Rudolf Beck Tibor Beck Viliam Becková Alica Becková Katarina Becková Margita Becková Viera Becková Vilma Becková Vlasta Beim Albert Beimová Hedviga Beimová Hilda Benedikt Ludovit Benedikt Rudolf Benediktová Irma Benediktová Rozalia Berger Eugen Berger Jozef Berger Michal Berger Szilard Bergerová Irena Bergmannová Priska Biermann Aladar Biermann Jakub Biermann Oskar Biermann Viliam Biermannová Cecilia Biermannová Helena Biermannová Sara Biermanová Helena, cela rodina Biheller Dezider Bihellerová Janka Bihellerová Jolana Bing Ervin Bingová Berta Bingová Malvina Bingová Marta Blau Jozef Blauová Hermina Bluh Alexander Bluhová Emma Bock Eugen Bocková Emilia Bodanska Irena Bodansky Arpad Bodansky Ernest Bogner Arnost Bognerová Izabella Braun Arpad Braun Heinrich Braunová Janka Breder Armin Breder Izidor Breder Jozef Breder Peter Breder Teodor Brederová Etela Brederová Margita Brederová Regina Brederová Richa Brody Eugen Brunner Adolf Brunner Jozef Brunner Ladislav Brunner Vojtech Brunnerová Helena Buchler Jozef Buchler Moric Buchler Otto Buchlerová Gizela Buchlerová Irena Buchlerová Rozalia Bustina Julius Bustinová Cecilia Corba Martin Corbová Erna Defrisová Jeanetta Defrisová Klara Degen Lazar Degenová Katica Deucht Hanka Deucht Imrich Deucht Zoltan Deutelbaumová Helena Deutelbaumová Rozalia Deutsch Aladar Deutschová Regina Diamant Arnost Diamant Bartolomej Diamant Jozef Diamant Pavel Diamant Pavol Diamant Roninko Diamant Vojtech Diamantová Adela Diamantová Berta Diamantová Janka Diamantová Julia Diamantová Pirozka Diamantová Regina Diamantová Valeria Dohnanyová Mica Drucker Maxmilian Drucker Walter Dubovcová Erna Dubovec Ignac Dukes Max Dukes Oskar Ehrenfeld Vojtech Ehrenfeldová Irma Eichner Alexander Eichner Egon Eichnerová Truda Eichnerová Viola Eisler Emanuel Eisler Leopold Eislerová Alzbeta Eislerová Berta Elbert Gejza Elbertová Marta Elbertová Renka Eliasová Alzbeta Engel Ladislav Engelová Helena Engelswaldová Cecilia Ertler Ferdinand Ertler Henrich Ertler Tibor Ertlerová Jolana Ertlerová Rozalia Federer Izidor Federerová Elza Federerová Roza Feldmann Alexander Feldmann Arpad Feldmann Emil Feldmann Hugo Feldmann Max Feldmann Michal Feldmann Oskar Feldmann Simon Feldmannová Erna Feldmannová Greta Feldmannová Ilona Feldmannová Jolana Feldmannová Klara Feldmannová Maria Feldmannová Pavla Feldmannová Tinka Feldmannová Vilma Fendrichová Kornelia Ferenc Juraj Ferenc Leopold Ferenciová Herna Feuermannová Rozalia Feuerwerker Anton Feuerwerker Arpad Feuerwerker Frantisek Feuerwerker Salamon Feuerwerker Viktor Feuerwerkerová Rozalia Feuerwerkerová Sara Findler Juraj Findler Rudolf Findler Viliam Findlerová Hedviga Findlerová Hertha Fingerová Ernestina Fischer Adolf, cela rodina Fischer Arnost Fischer Emanuel Fischer Ferdinand Fischer Helena Fischer Hilde Fischer Imrich Fischer Nandor Fischer Otto Fischer Vojtech Fischer Zigmund Fischerová Berta Fischerová Blanka Fischerová Hermina Fischerová Ilonka Fischerová Janka Fishner Egon Flack Alexander Flack Jozef Flack Vojtech Flacková Greta Flacková Irma Fleischerová Irena Fleischmannová Terezia Folkmann Ernest Frankl Emil Frankl Jan Frankl Klement Frankl Moric Frankl Pavol Frankl Richard Frankl Simon Frankl Viliam Franklová Amalia Franklová Anna Franklová Berta Franklová Eva Franklová Gizela Franklová Ilona Franklová Irena Freimann Alfred Freimann Jozef Freimann Ladislav Freimannová Rozalia Freund Jakub Freundlich Max Freundlich Otto Freundlichová Anna Freundlichová Bozena Freundová Sarlota Freyd Frantisek Freyd Jozef Freydová Ida Freydová Marta Fried Alfred Fried David Fried Ernst Fried Ferdinant Fried Leopold Fried Ludovit Fried Maco Fried Max Fried Pavol Fried Salamon Friedmann Elemer Friedmann Pavol Friedmann Vera Friedmann Viliam Friedmannová Edita Friedmannová Ella Friedmannová Julia Friedmannová Natalia Friedmanová Alzbeta Friedmanová Vera Friednerová Herta Friedová Berta Friedová Hermina Friedová Hilda Friedová Julia Friedová Juliska Friedová Katuška Friedová Natalia Friedová Rezka Friedová Šarlota Fuchs Artur Fuchs Eduard Fuchs Eugen Fuchs Eugen Fuchs Gejza Fuchs Hermann Fuchs Jan Fuchs Ladislav Fuchs Mikulas Partizan Fuchs Robert Fuchs Rudolf Fuchs Salamon Fuchs Vojtech Fuchsová Alžbeta Fuchsová Gerta Fuchsová Judita Fuchsová Margita Fuchsová Regina Fuchsová Rudka Furchtgott Arpad Furst Menachem Furst Samuel Furst Teodor Furstová Edita Gelbwachs Ladislav Gelbwachs Robert Gelbwachs Teodor Gelbwachsová Rozalia Gero Hermann Geroová Gizela Geroová Leontina Gertler Zigmund Gertlerová Rezka Geyrhahn Oskar Glucková Božena Glucková Etela Glucksthal Eugen Goldberger Rudolf Goldbergerová Leonka Goldmann Beno Goldner Alexander Goldner Eduard Goldner Filip Goldner Filip Partizan Goldner Jan Goldner Pavol Goldner Vojtech Goldner Zigmund Goldnerová Alzbeta Goldnerová Esti Goldnerová Margita Goldnerová Maria Goldnerová Olga Goldnerová Regina Goldschmid Julius Goldschmidová Alica Goldschmidová Eva Goldstein Eugen Goldsteinová Ida Goldstucker Eugen Goldstucker Julius Goldstuckerová Margita Gönci Peter Gottliebová Pavla Grauner Emil Graunerová Dasa Graunerová Edita Graunerová Ella Graunerová Hilda Graunerová Julia Groag Eugen Groag Vojtech Groagová Jozefina Groagová Margita Gross Adolf Gross Arnold Gross Arpad Gross Artur Gross Ervin Gross Hermann Gross Jakub Gross Jozef Gross Julius Gross Leopold Gross Max Gross Moric Gross Oskar Gross Oskar Gross Oswald Gross Teodor Gross Teodor Gross Vojtech Grossmann Alfred Grossmann Eduard Grossmann Gejza Grossmann Hermann Grossmann Max Grossmann Mikulas Grossmann Pavol Grossmannová Eva Grossmannová Gisela Grossmannová Jolana Grossmannová Margita Grossmannová Vilma Grossmannová Zuza Grossmannová Stachová Mariska Grossová Alžbeta Grossová Edita Grossová Frida Grossová Friderika Grossová Greta Grossová Jozefina Grossová Kornelia Grossová Marianna Grossová Olga Grossová Zelma Grün Alexander Grün Artur Grün Jozef Grün Max Grün Simon Grün Vojtech Grün Vojtech Grün Zigmund Grünbaum Adolf Grünbaum Alexander Grünbaumová Esti Grünbaumová Herta Grünberger Julius Grünberger Sigmund Grünbergerová Hermina Grünerová Katarina Grünfeld Moritz Grünfeldová Leontina Grünfeldová Malvina Grünhut Adalbert Grünhutová Irena Grünová Anna Grünová Gizela Grünová Julia Grünová Lydia Grünová Rachel Grünová Zofia Grünová Zuzanna Grunwaldová Etela

  44. Grunwaldová Sarlota Guttmann Frange Guttmann Herbert Guttmann Karol Guttmannová Elsa Guttmannová Sigi Guttmannová Vilma Gyemant Elemer Gyemantová Irma Haas Artur Haas Ernest Haas Gejza Haas Jan Haas Karol Haas Max Haas Maxmilian Haas Moric Haas Vojtech Haasová Anna Haasová Aranka Haasová Gisella Haasová Helena Haasová Irena Haasová Janka Haasová Livla Haasová Luise Haasová Regina Haasová Rozalia Haasová Sara Haasová Zlatica Hamburg Peter Hartmann Adolf Hartmann Julius Hartmannová Alica Hartmannová Irena Hartmannová Jozefina Hartmannová Marta Hauser Abraham Hauser Alfred Hauser Eugen Hauser Gerson Hauser Milan Hauser Moses Hauser Robert Hauserová Alica Hauserová Anna Hauserová Helena Hauserová Zuza Hausmann Jakub Hausmannová Matilda Hausmannová Nora Heber Ernest Heber Ladislav Heber Maxmilian Heberová Ibojka Heberová Matilda Hecht Imrich Hegedus Eugen Hegedusová Margita Heller Julius Hellerová Alzbeta Hellerová Erna Herschkovitsch Jakub, cela rodina Herz Hermann Herz Karol Herz Ondrej Herz Samuel Herz Zigmund Herzog Salamun Herzová Elena Herzová Erika Herzová Juliška Herzová Matilda Herzová Nora Heumann Eduard Heumannová Aranka Heumannová Ernestina Hirschbein Ignac Hirschbein Moric Hirschbeinová Helena Hirschfeld Hugo Hirschfeldová Ella Hirschfeldová Helena Hirschmann Imrich Hirschmann Izidor Hirschmannová Karolina Hoffmann Eugen Hoffmann Ivan Hoffmann Jozef Hoffmannová Alzbeta Holz Filip Holzer Julius Holzerová Rozalia Holzman Izidor Holzmannová Erika Holzmannová Gizela Holzmannová Hedviga Holzová Jolana Holzová Karolina Honig Alexander Honig Ladislav Honigová Aranka Honigová Ester Honigová Sara Horaková Margita Horn Alexander Horn Frantisek Horn Ingeborg Horn Richard Horn Siegfrid Hornová Hermina Hornová Ibolya Hornová Ilonka Hornová Renee Hornová Ruzena Hornová Violka Horvat Julius Horvatová Margita Immerblum Bandi Immerblum Bernard Immerblum Frico Immerblum Imrich Immerblumová Emma Immerblumová Hermina Israel Rabi, cela rodina Jakubovic Jozef Jakubovic Walter Jakubovicová Anika Jokl Erich Jucker Adolf Jucker Armin Just Mikulas Just Samuel Just Tibor, cela rodina Justová Anicka, cela rodina Justová Fany Justová Manci, cela rodina Justová Sari Kacer Ernest Kacer Eugen Kacer Jeno Kacer Joachim Nathan Kacerová Alzbeta Kacerová Greta Kacerová Helena Kacerová Kamila Kacerová Margita Kaiser Ondrej Kaldová Ada Kalmar Arnold Kalmar Jan Kalmar Moritz Partizan Kalmar Oscar Kalmar Tibor Kalmarová Anna Kalmarová Regina Kasriel Imrich Kasriel Ondrej Kasrielová Gizela Kasrielová Ruzena Katz Adolf Kaufer Frantisek Kaufer Jakub Kauferová Irma Keleti Dezider Keleti Jozef Keletiová Zofia Keller Pinchas Kellermann Fridrich Kellermann Oldrich Kellermann Salamon Kellermann Vojtech Kellermannová Berta Kellermannová Elza Kellermannová Margita Kellermannová Nelli Kellerová Vilma Kemeny Pavol Klein Albert Klein Ernest Klein Jozef Klein Jozef Klein Leo Klein Marko Klein Max Klein Tibor Kleinová Alzbeta Kleinová Erna Kleinová Hedviga Kleinová Klara Kleinová Margita Kleinová Margita Kleinová Vali Kling Ludovit Kling Vojtech Klingová Anna Klingová Maria Klingová Ruzena Knopflmacher Ernest Knopflmacher Otto Knopflmacherová Adela Koblerová Cecilia Kohn Adolf Kohn Aladar Kohn Alexander Kohn Armin Kohn Arthur Kohn Bedrich Kohn David Kohn David Kohn Eugen Kohn Ferdinand Kohn Hanzi Kohn Ignac Kohn Ivan Kohn Izidor Kohn Julius Kohn Koloman Kohn Leo Kohn Leopold Kohn Ludovit Kohn Max Partizan Kohn Michal Kohn Oskar Kohn Samuel Kohn Valer Kohn Viliam Kohnová Alzbeta Kohnová Aranka Kohnová Berta Kohnová Blanka Kohnová Bozena Kohnová Edita Kohnová Elena Kohnová Frantiska Kohnová Frida Kohnová Hedviga Kohnová Helena Kohnová Ilona Kohnová Irena Kohnová Irma Kohnová Jetti Kohnová Jolana Kohnová Judita Kohnová Karolina Kohnová Klara Kohnová Laura Kohnová Lida Kohnová Lota Kohnová Magda Kohnová Maria Kohnová Maria Kohnová Marta Kohnová Regina Kohnová Rozalia Kohnová Sara Kohnová Sarlota Kohnová Sidonia Kohnová Terezia Kohnová Vali Kohnová Viera Kohnová Zlatica Kohut Ernest Kohutová Ruzena Kola Alexander Kontesová Klara Kopperová Emma Kopperová Melana Kornhauser Mor Kornhauserová Ilusa Koth Alfred Kramer Max Kramerová Agnesa Kramerová Edita Kramerová Hermina Kraus Henrich Krausová Annus Krausová Elza Krausová Frida Krausová Liza Krausz Herman Krebs Eduard Krebs Frantisek Partizan Krebs Hari Krebs Izidor Krebs Mano Kruppová Ruzena Kubicek Adolf Kubicek Markus Kubicková Julia Kugl Bartolomej Kugler Bedrich Kuglerová Emma Kuglerová Katarina Kuglerová Lenka Kuglová Anna Kulka Moric Kulka Moric Kulková Elsa Kurlander Juraj Kurlanderová Julia Kurti Juraj Kurtiová Anna Kurzová Jolana Laknerová Gertruda Landesmannová Franzi Landler Gejza Landler Julius Landlerová Irena Landlerová Rachel Landau Arnold Landau Hermann Landauová Otilia Landauová Serena Landstein Ignac Landsteinová Ilona Lang Viliam Langfelderová Zofia Langová Jeanetta Laszlo Adolf Laszlo Peter Laszlová Malvina Laufer Ivan Lax Ernest Lax Salamon Laxová Edita Laxová Judita Laxová Lila Laxová Sarolta Lazar Peter Lazar Samuel Lazarová Dora Lazarová Jenny Lazarová Margita Lebovitsch Alfred Lebovitsch Martin Lebovitschová Aliska Lebovitschová Elena Leichner Zigmund Leichner Zigmund Leichnerová Rozalia Leichnerová Rosalia Leicht Jakub Leicht Milan Leichtová Regina Lewin Moritz Lewinová Olga Lewith Ezra Peter Licht Jakub Licht Milan Lichtenberg Pavol Lichtenbergová Eva Lichtenbergová Julia Lichtenbergová Rella Lichtenthalová Margita Lichtenthalová Regina Lichtmann Ludovit Lichtová Regina Links Arpad Links Arpad Links Jozef Links Vojtech Linksová Aranka Linksová Katarina Lipa Adolf Lipa Samuel Lipová Pavla Lorber Alexander Lorberová Ilonka Lovová Jolan Lowenbein D. David Lowenbein David Lowenbein Emil Lowenbein Jakub Lowenbein Rudolf Lowenbein Samuel Lowenbeinová Anna Lowenbeinová Ernestina Lowenbeinová Gertruda Lowenbeinová Irma Lowenbeinová Jolana Lowenbeinová Julia Lowenbeinová Malvina Lowová Jolana Lowy Adolf Lowy Alexander Lowy Dezider Lowy Emil Lowy Ernest Lowy Eugen Lowy Ignac Lowy Ladislav Lowy Samuel Lowy Teodor Lowy Tomas Lowy Viliam Lowyová Emilia Lowyová Gizela Lowyová Jolana Lowyová Jozefina Lowyová Lina Lowyová Sidonia Lowyová Vera Machlupová Margita Machlupová Regina Macov David Macovová Sofia Mandl Moric Mandlová Alica Mandlová Natalia Mandlová Regina Marer Ladislav Marerová Edita Marerová Emma Marerová Helena Marerová Rozalia Marle Bernard Marle Ignac Marlová Fana Marlová Irena Partizan Marmerstein Arpad Marmerstein Emanuel Marmerstein Vojtech Meerovic Augustina Meerovic Ilja Meerovicová Augustina Meisel Ervin Meisler Zigmund Meislerová Roza Meislová Etela Meislová Helena Partizan Mendel Julius Merenyi Jozef Merenyiová Irma Merenyiová Lidia Messinger Alexander Messinger Julius

  45. Messingerová Irena Messingerová Judita Messingerová Margita Miezesová Ella Miezesová Erika Miller Stefan Milch Maxmilian Milchová Karolina Millerová Luci Mor Hugo Morová Gerti Morová Netti Morová Regina Moskovic Ladislav Muller Benjamin Muller Majer Muller Moric Mullerová Elza Mullerová Fany Mullerová Hilda Mullerová Leontinka Mullerová Luci Munk Gabriel Munková Anna Munková Elza Nadas Martin Nemes Viktor Neubrunn Juraj Neubrunn Zigmund Neubrunnová Marta Neufeldová Julia Neumann Armin Neumann Bruno Neumann Ervin Neumann Eugen Neumann Ivan Neumann Max Neumannová Aranka Neumannová Netta Neumannová Rozalia Neumannová Zora Pasztor Max Pasztorová Etela Partizan Peto Tibor Pereszlenyi Gejza Perlová Jozefina Placek Adolf Placek Juraj Placeková Sarolta Polak Henrich, cela rodina Polak Kurt Politzer Arnold Politzer Bernard Politzer Egon Partizan Politzer Erich Politzer Eugen Politzer Gejza Politzer Gustav Politzer Marek Politzer Otto Politzer Viktor Politzerová Alica Politzerová Charlotta Politzerová Emma Politzerová Hana Politzerová Hedviga Politzerová Helena Politzerová Hermina Politzerová Julia Politzerová Karolina Politzerová Magda Politzerová Marta Politzer Alexander Pollak Art Pollak Egon Pollak Emil Partizan Pollak Erich Pollak Eugen Pollak Frantisek Pollak Heinrich, cela rodina Pollak Ignac Pollak Ivan Pollak Jindrich Pollak Jozef Pollak Kurt Pollak Ludovit Pollak Tibor Pollak Vojtech Pollaková Alzbeta Pollaková Adela Pollaková Alica Pollaková Ester Pollaková Eva Pollaková Irena Pollaková Karolina Pollaková Magda Pollaková Margita Pollaková Rozalia Pollaková Vilma Popper Koloman Popperová Lili Porjes Ludovit, cela rodina Pretzelmayerová Gizela Pretzelmayerová Laura Prinzová Beatrix Prinzová Lilly Raab Simon Raabová Henrietta Redlich Robert, cela rodina Redlichová Ruth Redlichová Sylvia Riedlingerová Jozefina Reich Art Reich Martin Reichenthal Dezider Reichenthal Ezechiel Reichenthal Koloman Reichenthal Otto Reichenthalová Ilusa Reichenthalová Katarina Reichenthalová Lyda Reichmann David, cela rodina Reichmann Hermann Reichmann Karol Reichmann Tibor Reichmannová Fridka Reichová Irena Reichová Lina Reif Arthur, cela rodina Reif Artur Reif Ervin Reif Jakub Reif Jozef Reif Samuel Reifová Ida Reifová Malvina Reiss Alexander Reiss Alfred Reiss Jozef Reiss Kantor Reiss Karol Reissová Anna Reissová Etela Reissová Helena Reissová Jozefina Reissová Regina Reissová Renata Reissová Rozalia Partizan Revesová Herta Ringwald Bernard Ringwald Julius Ringwald Karol Ringwald Margita Ringwald Markus Ringwaldová Helena Roht Ludovit Rohtová Alica Rooz Emil Roozová Rachel Rosenbaumová Alica Rosenbaumová Fany Rosenberg Samu Rosenberger Alfred Rosenberger Arpad Rosenberger Richard Rosenbergerová Sara Rosenbergerová Vilma Rosenfeld Alojz Rosenfeld Armin Rosenfeld Dezider Rosenfeld Eugen Rosenfeld Hugo Rosenfeld Ignac Rosenfeld Izidor Rosenfeld Jozef Rosenfeld Leopold Rosenfeld Oldrich Rosenfeldová Berta Rosenfeldová Elza Rosenfeldová Helena Rosenfeldová Ilka Rosenfeldová Julia Rosenfeldová Karolina Rosenfeldová Melania Rosenfeldová Sara Rosenfeldová Stefania Rosenfeldová Terka Rosenfeldová Vilma Rosenthal Dezider Rosenthalová Mana Rosenzweig Adolf Rosenzweig Alexander Rosenzweig Dezider Rosenzweig Ernest Rosenzweig Eugen Rosenzweig Max Rosenzweig Petrik Rosenzweig Rozalia Rosenzweig Samuel Rosenzweig Wolf Samuel Rosenzweigová Blanka Rosenzweigová Editka Rosenzweigová Jolana Rosenzweigová Olga Rosenzweigová Sidonia Rosenzweigová Tauba Rosinger Adolf Rosingerová Emma Rosingerová Ruzena Ross Filip Ross Hanzi Rossová Anna Rossová Bella Roth Ernest Roth Filip Roth Ludovit Roth Pavol Roth Rudolf Roth Simon Rothová Alica Rothová Elza Rothová Irena Rothová Jozefina Rothová Pavla Rothová Ruzena Rothová Sara Schalit Alfred Schalit Arnost Schalit Pavol Schalitová Ella Scheeová Gizela Scheibnerová Cecilia Scheibnerová Katarina Schenk Jozef Schenková Annus Schenková Jerta Schenková Marta Schenková Sarolta Schiller David Schiller David Schiller Izidor Schillerová Terezia Schlesinger Adolf Schlesinger Ferdinand Schlesinger Gusti Schlesinger Karol Schlesinger Ladislav Schlesinger Marek Schlesinger Pavol Schlesinger Samuel Schlesinger Vojtech Schlesingerová Berta Schlesingerová Blanka Schlesingerová-Lowyová Ella Schlesingerová Frida Schlesingerová Gizela Schlesingerová Hermina Schlesingerová Ilusa Schlesingerová Jolana Schlesingerová Lina Schlesingerová Pavla Schlesingerová-Neumannová Margit Schlesingerová Sidonia Schlesingerová Terka Schlesingerová Viera Schon Otto Schonová Gita Schonová Livia Partizan Schonfeld Jan Schram Markus Schramová Berta Schramová Hilda Partizan Schult Ernest Schulz Jakub Schulz Robert Schulzová Frida Schwartz Adolf Schwarz Aladar Schwarz Armin Schwarz Bedrich Schwarz Berthold Schwarz Egon Schwarz Ernest Schwarz Fridrich Schwarz Henrich Partizan Schwarz Ignac Schwarz Ivan Schwarz Jozef Schwarz Juraj Schwartz Karol Schwarz Maxmilian Schwarz Mikulas Schwarz Moric Schwarz Oskar Schwarz Otto Schwarz Ruben Schwarz Srul Isser Schwarz Tibor Schwarz Viliam Schwarz Vojtech Schwarz Zigmund Schwarzová Adela Schwartzová Amalia Schwarzová Aranka Schwarzová Berta Schwarzová Cecilia Schwarzová Elza Schwarzová Hanka Schwarzová Ilonka Schwarzová Irena Schwarzová Janka Schwarzová Jeanetta Schwarzová Jolana Schwarzová Lidia Schwarzová Malvina Schwarzová Margita Schwarzová Marta Schwarzová Nelli Schwarzová Ruzena Schweitzer Ernest Schweitzerová Sarolta Schwitzer Gejza Schwitzerová Frida Seidler Emil Pavol Seidlerová Maria Silszová Truda Simon Julius Singer Alexander Singer Arnost Singer Dezider Partizan Singer Julius Singer Karol Singer Simon Singer Simon Singerová Alzbeta Singerová Etela Singerová Helena Singerová Hilda Singerová Jolana Singerová Karolina Singerová Pavla Singerová Priska Smetana Arnost Partizan Smetana Dodo Smetana Hugo Smetana Oskar, Dr. Smetana Oskar, Ing. Smetana Peter Smetana Samuel Smetana Viktor Smetanová Anna Smetanová Gabriela Smetanová Helena Smetanová Hermina Smetanová Izabella Smetanová Sofia Sold Siegfrid Sopronyi Ludovit Sopronyiová Anna Spitz Ignac Spitz Jakub Spitzer Aladar Spitzerová Ibolyka Spitzerová Margita Spitzerová Soneta Spitzerová Zofia Spitzová Sara Spitzová Serena Stangel Bruno Stangel David Stangelová Berta Stangelová Zuzanna Stark Jan Starková Gizella Steiner Eugen Steiner Ignac Partizan Steiner Juraj Steinerová Gizela Steinerová Margita Steinerová Sara Stern Arpad Stern David Stern Jakub Stern Oskar, cela rodina Sternová Ella Sternová Jeanetta Stiglitz J. Stiglitzová Sarolta Strassmann Adolf Strassmann Filip Strassmannová Anna Strassmannová Franci Streicher Ignac Streicherová Berta Strelingerová Helena Surek Eugen Sureková Alzbeta Sureková Helena Sureková Margita Suss Adolf

  46. Partizan Suss Ernest Susz Adolf Susz Alexander Susz Artur Susz Edko Susz Erich Susz Jozef Susz Vojtech Suszová Edita Suszová Etela Suszová Gizela Suszová Helena Suszová Helga Suszová Ilanka Suszová Jolana Suszová Lidia Suszová Margita Szanto Arnold Szanto Leopold Partizan Szanto Otto Szantová Adela Szantová Boriska Szantová Gizela Szekely Alexander Szekely Dozi Szekely Elza Szekely Gabriel Szekely Hugo Szekely Ivan Szekely Viktor Szekelyová Antonia Szekelyová Elsa Szekelyová Erna Szekelyová Eva Szekelyová Fany Szekelyová Vera Szende Eugen Szendeová Katarina Szephazy Emil Szephazy Jozef Szephazyová Berta Szikla Albert Sziklová Berta Szitanyiová Anna Szold Vitazoslav Taglich Ludovit Taglich Peter Taglichová Eva Taglicht Ludovit Taglicht Peter _ Taglichtová Eva Taglichtová Kamila Taus Ferdinand Taus Ludovit Taus Moric Taus Viliam Tausová Klementina Tausová Margita Tausová Irma Tausová Rozalia Tennenbaumová Aranka Tennenbaumová Erika Teschner Dezider Teschnerová Helena Teschnerová Ilka Teschnerová Maria Thum Filip Thune Filip Tochten Arnost Tochten Eugen Tochten Pavol Treumann Arnost Treumann Jakub Treumannová Aranka Treumannová Sidonia Turteltaub Dezider Turteltaub Ernest Turteltaub Julius Turteltaubová Alica Turteltaubová Anci Turteltaubová Berta Turteltaubová Jeanetta Turteltaubová Johanna Ulmann Dezider, cela rodina Ungarová Hermina Ungier Samuel Ungierová Antonia Ungierová Frida Ungierová Renata Vadasz Armin Vadasz Jozef Vadaszová Lenka Vadaszová Olinka Vadaszová Terezia Vago Artur Vago Jan Vago Maxmilian Vago Mikulas Vagová Anna Vagová Gertruda Vagová Ilonka Vagová Irena Vagová Truda Vamos Bedrich Vamos Stefan Vamosová Gabriella Velenzei Dezider Velenzeiová Alojzia Velenzeiová Sofia Venetianer Ladislav Venetianer Zigmund Venetianerová Alojzia Vigo Eugen Vohryzek Oskar Vohryzeková Jolana Wagmann Ignac Wagmann Ignac Waldapfel Emanuel Waldapfel Ferdinand Waldapfelová Regina Waldaufel Emanuel Wassermann Adolf Wassermannová Jolana Weil Adolf Weil Arthur Weil Elemir Weil Ladislav Weil Mikulas Weil Oskar Weil Pavol Weil Robert Weil Vojtech Weilová Agnesa Weilová Aliska Weilová Eva Weilová Helena Weilová Ica Weilová Magdalena Weilová Marta Weinberger Eugen Weinberger Eugen Weinberger Oskar Weinbergerová Alica Weiner Adolf Weiner Alexander Weiner David Weiner Ferdinand Weiner Jindrich Weiner Karol Weiner Peter Maurus Weiner Salamun Weiner Samuel Weiner Viliam Weinerová Alica Weinerová Berta Weinerová Cecilia Weinerová Ella Weinerová Elza Weinerová Etela Weinerová Jeanetta Weinerová Margita Weinerová Netti Weinerová Rozalia Weinerová Ruzena Weinerová Stefka Weiss Alexander Weiss Anton Weiss Armin Weiss Arpad Weiss Dezider Weiss Egon Weiss Emil Weiss Filip Weiss Frantisek Weiss Gabor, cela rodina Weiss Henrich Weiss Hugo Weiss Ignac Weiss Jakub Weiss Jan Weiss Jindrich Weiss Jozef Weiss Leo Weiss Leopold Weiss Ludovit Weiss Max Weiss Moric Weiss Nandor Weiss Oskar Weiss Robert Weiss Salamon Weiss Samuel Weiss Szilard Weiss Tomas Weiss Viliam Weiss Zigmund Weissová Adolfina Weissová Alica Weissová Angela Weissová Anna Weissová Antonia Weissová Arnoska Weissová Berta Weissová Blanka Weissová Cili Weissová Cornelia Nelly Weissová Emma Weissová Ester Weissová Frida Weissová Greta Weissová Helena Weissová Helga Weissová Hermina Weissová Herta Weissová Ibolya Weissová Ilona Weissová Jolana Weissová Judita Weissová Julia Weissová Klara Weissová Livia Weissová Lori Weissová Margareta Weissová Margita Weissová Marta Weissová Regina Weissová Rezka Weissová Rosalia Weissová Sara Weissová Sari Weissová Sidonia Weissová Stefania Weissová Terezia Weissová Terka Weissová Viola Weissová Berta Welisch Juraj Welisch Pavol Welischová Eva Welischová Sarolta Wellner Jozef Wellnerová Irena Wertheimer Samuel Wertheimerová Edita Wertheimerová Margita Wertheimerová Marta Wiesmer Markus Wiesmerová Margareta Wiesner Bernat Wiesner Jan Wiesner Jozef Wiesner Julius Wiesner Leopold Wiesnerová Margita Wiesnerová Regina Wiesnerová Stella Wiessnerová Regina Wohlstein Adolf Wohlstein Bernat Wohlstein Frantisek Wohlsteinová Renata Wolitzerová Anna Wollner Leopold Wollner Moric Wollnerová Paula Zelmanovic Dezider Zelmanovic Ladislav Zelmanovic Martin Zelmanovic Teodor Zelmanovic Vojtech Zelmanovicová Elena Zelmanovicová Ilona Zerkovitz Frantisek Zerkovitz Leopold Zerkovitzová Cecilia Zerkovitzová Janka Zerkovitzová Malvina Ziegler Emanuel Ziegler Ernest Ziegler Viliam Zieglerová Erna Zieglerová Fany Zieglerová Gizella Zieglerová Hedviga Zieglerová Marta Zlattner Jozef Zlattnerová Louisa Zlattnerová Zdenka Zolová Adela Zoltan Viliam Zoltanová Helena Zoltanová Katinka Zoltanová Lujza Zuckermandl Bedrich Zuckermandl Hugo Zuckermandlová Eva Zuckermandlová Gita Zuckmann Hermann Zwickel Teodor Zwickel Vojtech Zwickelová Alzbeta Murdered: 1,630 (19 Partizans) Missing: 120 Survivors: 250

  47. Memorial Stone at Lakewiew Cemetery, New Canaan

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