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Systematics

Systematics. Biological System of Taxonomy. Kingdom. Plant. Animal. Animal. Phylum. Anthophyta . Arthropoda. Chordata. Class. Monocotyledonae . Insecta. Mammalia. Order. Poales. Diptera. Primates. Family. Poaceae. Muscidae. Hominidae. Genus. Zea. Musca. Homo. Species.

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Systematics

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  1. Systematics

  2. Biological System of Taxonomy Kingdom Plant Animal Animal Phylum Anthophyta Arthropoda Chordata Class Monocotyledonae Insecta Mammalia Order Poales Diptera Primates Family Poaceae Muscidae Hominidae Genus Zea Musca Homo Species Z. mays M. domestica H. sapiens corn vanilla orchid housefly human Plant Anthophyta Monocotyledonae Asparagales Orchidaceae Vanilla V. planifolia

  3. Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Fig. 26-3 Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Domain: Eukarya Archaea Bacteria

  4. Class: Mammalia Fig. 26-3a Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Archaea Bacteria Domain: Eukarya

  5. Species: Panthera pardus Fig. 26-3b Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora

  6. Systematics: forming groups showing evolutionary relationship. • Domain • Kingdom • Phylum • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species • Name: Genus species : Homo sapiens

  7. How to remember? • D • K • P • C • O • F • G • S

  8. How to remember? • Did Do Dumb • King Kings Kids • Philip Play Playing • Come Chess Catch • Over On On • For Fine Freeways • Good Grained Get • Spaghetti? Sand? Squished

  9. Species Order Family Genus Pantherapardus Panthera Felidae Taxidea taxus Fig. 26-4 Taxidea Carnivora Mustelidae Lutra lutra Lutra Canis latrans Canidae Canis Canis lupus

  10. EUKARYA Dinoflagellates Land plants Forams Green algae Fig. 26-21c Ciliates Diatoms Red algae Amoebas Cellular slime molds Euglena Trypanosomes Animals Leishmania Fungi

  11. Ourgroup Universal Common Ancestor ?

  12. Bacteria Fig. 26-22 Eukarya Archaea 4 3 2 1 0 Billions of years ago

  13. Eukarya Fig. 26-23 Bacteria Archaea

  14. Eukarya Fig. 26-23 Bacteria Archaea

  15. Phylogenies: Ancestral trees showing relatedness Along a lineage for a group or species A Common ancestor for mammals

  16. What is a species? • Species, simply means a “kind” or “appearance”in Latin. • Still used this way in chemistry • In Taxonomy, species is the most unique grouping in the hierarchy.

  17. Species • Based on Herbals, full page lists of characters. • Binomial system: Homo sapiens, • Linnaeus (1700's) based on a type specimen, called the Holotype, with a complete description in Latin.

  18. Herbal Holotypes

  19. Biological Species Concept • Not a definition proper • Based the ability to sexually reproduce thus sharing a common genepool and evolution. • “Species are groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated from other such groups”.

  20. Scientific names: • Always in Latin, italicized • Genus capitalized, species not • Underline names only for handwritten work, not print. • In publications, author is include to distinguish form older, or other names • Umbellularia californica (Hook & Arn)Nutt

  21. Branch point (node) Taxon A Taxon B Fig. 26-5 Sister taxa Taxon C ANCESTRAL LINEAGE Taxon D Taxon E Taxon F Common ancestor of taxa A–F Polytomy

  22. Applications of phylogenies: • What whale meat is being consumed in Japan? • 13 samples of whale meat taken from Japanese fish markets. • Used Mitochondrial DNA comparisons from meat to known published species samples • Lines in red show relations to illegal whale meat.

  23. RESULTS Minke (Antarctica) Minke (Australia) Unknown #1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Minke (North Atlantic) Unknown #9 Fig. 26-6 Humpback (North Atlantic) Humpback (North Pacific) Unknown #1b Gray Blue (North Atlantic) Blue (North Pacific) Unknown #10, 11, 12 Unknown #13 Fin (Mediterranean) Fin (Iceland)

  24. Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Fig. 26-16 Ornithischian dinosaurs Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Saurischian dinosaurs Birds

  25. Front limb Hind limb Fig. 26-17 Eggs (a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs (b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture

  26. Front limb Hind limb Fig. 26-17a Eggs (a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs

  27. Fig. 26-17b (b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture

  28. Fig. 26-19 90 • Molecular clock in mammals based on seven proteins 60 Number of mutations 30 0 30 60 90 120 0 Divergence time (millions of years) • Green dots 3 primate species (slower to change)

  29. 0.20 0.15 Fig. 26-20 Computer model of HIV Index of base changes between HIV sequences 0.10 Range 0.05 0 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year

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