R O M A N T I C I S M

1. 41. R O M A N T I C I S M A BELIEF IN THE INNATE GOODNESS OF MAN, NATURE, AND TRADITIONAL VALUES, ROOTED IN TURN-OF-THE-CENTURY EUROPE. EMPHASIZED EMOTIONS & FEELINGS OVER RATIONALLITY 1800s

2. 42. John James Audubon Romantic-era ARTIST Member of the HUDSON RIVER SCHOOL, a group of landscape painters Demonstrated the emotion of nature, especially birds & animals In 1886, a nature organization took his name…… ……………..the Audubon Society 1785-1851

3. 43. T R A N S C E N D E N T A L I S M Movement to transcend the bounds of the INTELLECT and to strive for EMOTIONAL UNITY with GOD Capable of unity without the help of the institutional CHURCH Saw CHURCH as reactionary & STIFLING to SELF - EXPRESSION 1820 -1850

4. MUCKRAKERS 44. American journalists, novelists, and critics who exposed CORRUPTION, especially in BUSINESS and POLITICS President Theodore Roosevelt is said to have given the muckrakers their name Famous muckrakers included Upton Sinclair, Ida Tarbell, Lincoln Steffens and Samuel Hopkins Adams Led to increased support for the Progressive Movement 1900 - 1912

5. MUCKRAKERS 44. Was the term used to describe activist journalists who wrote exposes of business and government misconduct during the early 1900s. Famous muckrakers included Upton Sinclair(who exposed the seamy underbelly of the meatpacking industry in the book THE JUNGLE),Ida Tarbell(who revealed oil company corruption in the book History of Standard Oil), and Lincoln Steffens (who called out urban mismanagement in THE SHAME of CITIES). MUCKRAKING reporting fueled Progressives’ arguments for SOCIAL REFORM

7. 45. “THE JUNGLE” FACT of the DAY After reading The Jungleby Upton Sinclair, Teddy Roosevelt pushed for passage of the Meat Inspection Act of 1906. The Act mandated cleaner conditions for meatpacking plants. An instant best-seller, Sinclair's book reeked with the stink of the Chicago stockyards. He told how dead rats were shoveled into sausage-grinding machines; how bribed inspectors looked the other way when diseased cows were slaughtered for beef, and how filth and guts were swept off the floor and packaged as "potted ham."

9. Railroad STRIKE * Pay cuts caused labor strikes to spread through the country * Workers of the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad went on strike over a second pay cut * President Hayes used federal troops to restore order after workers were killed 1877

10. 46 The Influence of Sea POWER Upon History Written by Captain Alfred T. Mahan, fueled the U.S. Government’s drive to control foreign territory, a practice known as IMPERIALISM. The Book argued that to succeed in trade a country must have access to foreign ports and control overseas colonies. The USA soon turned its attention to foreign acquisitions using its newly revamped naval forces. 1890

11. 47 EXECUTIVE PRIVILEGE Refers to the principle that the president has the right to withhold information from Congress and the public when doing so would protect the NATIONAL SECURITY. The PRECEDENT was established by George Washington in 1797, in response to the House of Representative's request to review all documents related to the Washington administration of the Treaty of San Lorenzo( the treaty is not consequential to our study of History at this point in time, Executive Privilege is)

12. 48 The Wonderful Wizard of OZ Before it became a movie, (published in 1900), it was a popular book by L. Frank Baum. Some believe the story is allegory for the politics of the time: Dorothy represents the common man, the scarecrow represents the FARMER, Dorothy's silver shoes (ruby in the movie) represents the silver standard, the TIN Man represents the industrial worker, and the cowardly Lion was modeled after William Jennings Bryan…who ran for President 4 times.

13. 49 Yellow Journalism Refers to the sensational reporting that became popular in the nineteenth century, replacing the said journalism of the past. Publishers Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst were credited as yellow journalism ‘s most skilled practitioners. Yellow Journalism featured bold headlines and emphasized scandal and corruption.

14. 50 FACT of the DAY Morrill Land Grant Act ALLOCATED land and resources for agricultural colleges across the USA. The Act was passed as part of a federal effort to develop the nation’s agriculture. Nearly all of the colleges established were public. 1862

15. 51 "White Man's Burden" Is a poem by Rudyard Kipling published in response to the annexation of the Philippines by the USA. The poem’s title was adopted as a slogan by those who favored annexation and imperialism. Many Americans believed that the USA, as an advanced nation, had a duty to “CHRISTIANIZE AND CIVILIZE” less developed nations. 1899

16. 52 Fact of the DAY Turner on FRONTIER Thesis Argued that by the 1890 census, the American frontier – and thus the first period of American history – was gone. According to Frederick Jackson Turner, the frontier shaped the American spirit and character, fostered democracy, and provided a place to which people facing economic distress could flee. As settlers filled the Western territories, the frontier lost it unique character. 1890

17. 53 Fact of the DAY Alexis de Tocqueville French Civil Servant who traveled to and wrote about the UNITED STATES Wrote Democracy in America, reflecting his interest in the American Democratic process Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty and equality Provided an outsider’s objective view of the AGE of JACKSON 1828

18. 53 DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA WRITTEN BY ALEXIS de TOCQUEVILLE Was written by the Frenchman Tocqueville, who traveled the USA in the 1830s. The Book is a study of the American political culture. In it, he expresses his admiration for the lack of a PERMANENT ARISTORCRACY in the USA, which, combined with untapped land and resources of the West, provides Americans with numerous opportunities to better themselves through hard work and education.

19. Fact of the Day #4 Study Guide Ida Tarbell John James Audubon Frederick J. Turner Upton Sinclair L. Frank Baum George Washington William Randolph Hearst Rudyard Kipling Alfred T. Mahan Alexis de Tocqueville The W W of Oz Executive Privilege Yellow Journalism Morrill Land Grant ACT Facts of the Day 41- 53 Romanticism Transcendentalism White Man’s Burden Democracy in America Frontier Thesis Influence of Sea Power

20. Fact of the Day TEST 4 A. Romanticism B. John James Audubon C. Upton Sinclair D. L. Frank Baum E. Alexis de Tocqueville F. Rudyard Kipling G. Alfred T. Mahan H. George Washington I. William Randolph Hearst J. Ida Tarbell K. Turner L. Thomas Jefferson ___1. Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty & equality ___2. Argued that by 1890, the American Frontier had disappeared ___3. Exposed the corruption of the meat packing industry ___4. Wrote about control of the seas and American Imperialism ___5. A “PRECEDENT” established by ________________called Executive Privilege ___6. Wrote a book that is an allegory of the politics of the time (1900) ___7. Publisher……headlines that emphasized scandal & corruption….helped start the Spanish American War ___8. Emphasized emotions & feelings over rationality ___9. Romantic – Era Artist, member of the Hudson River School __10. Exposed oil company corruption, a Muckraker __11. Poet…duty to “christianize & civilize” less developed nations

21. ___12. In 1886, a nature organization took his name…demonstrated emotion of nature, especially birds & animals ___13. Journalists who exposed corruption, especially in business ___14. indicated that to succeed in trade, must have access to foreign ports and control overseas colonies ___15. Sensational reporting featuring bold headlines and scandal ___16. Withhold information from Congress to protect National Security ___17. passed as part of a federal effort to develop the nations agriculture ___18. Some believe the story is an allegory for the politics of the time ___19. A poem that favored annexation & imperialism, America’s duty ___20. Wrote a book that indicated Americans had numerous opportunities to better themselves through hard work & education ___21. mandated cleaner conditions for meatpacking plants ___22. Transcends intellect…strives for emotional unity with God ___23. Belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, traditional values ___24. Provided a place to which people facing economic distress could flee to, fostered democracy, American spirit & character • Morrill Land Grant Act F. Yellow Journalism J. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz • “White Man’s Burden” G. Muckrakers K. Alexis de Tocqueville • “The Jungle” H. Transcendentalism L. Executive Privilege • Romanticism I. John James Audubon M. The Influence of Sea Power • E. Turner on Frontier Thesis Upon History

22. Fact of the Day TEST 4 A. Romanticism B. John James Audubon C. Upton Sinclair D. L. Frank Baum E. Alexis de Tocqueville F. Rudyard Kipling G. Alfred T. Mahan H. George Washington I. William Randolph Hearst J. Ida Tarbell K. Turner L. Thomas Jefferson ___1. Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty & equality ___2. Argued that by 1890, the American Frontier had disappeared ___3. Exposed the corruption of the meat packing industry ___4. Wrote about control of the seas and American Imperialism ___5. A “PRECEDENT” established by ________________called Executive Privilege ___6. Wrote a book that is an allegory of the politics of the time (1900) ___7. Publisher……headlines that emphasized scandal & corruption….helped start the Spanish American War ___8. Emphasized emotions & feelings over rationality ___9. Romantic – Era Artist, member of the Hudson River School __10. Exposed oil company corruption, a Muckraker __11. Poet…duty to “christianize & civilize” less developed nations E k C G H D I A B J F

23. ___12. In 1886, a nature organization took his name…demonstrated emotion of nature, especially birds & animals ___13. Journalists who exposed corruption, especially in business ___14. indicated that to succeed in trade, must have access to foreign ports and control overseas colonies ___15. Sensational reporting featuring bold headlines and scandal ___16. Withhold information from Congress to protect National Security ___17. passed as part of a federal effort to develop the nations agriculture ___18. Some believe the story is an allegory for the politics of the time ___19. A poem that favored annexation & imperialism, America’s duty ___20. Wrote a book that indicated Americans had numerous opportunities to better themselves through hard work & education ___21. mandated cleaner conditions for meatpacking plants ___22. Transcends intellect…strives for emotional unity with God ___23. Belief in the innate goodness of man, nature, traditional values ___24. Provided a place to which people facing economic distress could flee to, fostered democracy, American spirit & character I G M F L A J B k C D E • Morrill Land Grant Act F. Yellow Journalism J. The Wonderful Wizard of Oz • “White Man’s Burden” G. Muckrakers K. Alexis de Tocqueville • “The Jungle” H. Transcendentalism L. Executive Privilege • Romanticism I. John James Audubon M. The Influence of Sea Power • E. Turner on Frontier Thesis Upon History

24. GRADING KEY 24 Questions 1 = 96 2 = 92 3 = 88 4 = 83 5 = 79 6 = 75 7 = 71 8 = 67 9 = 63 10 = 58 11 = 54 12 = 50 13 = 46 14 = 42 15 = 38 16 = 33 17 = 29 18 = 25

25. 24 Questions 7 = 71 8 = 67 9 = 63 10 = 58 11 = 54 12 = 50 GRADING KEY 12 = I 13 = G 14 = M 15 = F 16 = L 17 = A 1 = E 2 = K 3 = C 4 = G 5 = H 6 = D 7 = I 8 = A 9 = B 10 = J 11 = F 18 = J 19 = B 20 = K 21 = C 22 = H 23 = D 24 = E 1 = 96 2 = 92 3 = 88 4 = 83 5 = 79 6 = 75 13 = 46 14 = 42 15 = 38 16 = 33 17 = 29 18 = 25

26. Fact of the Day TEST 4 ___ 1. Ida Tarbell ___ 2. Alfred T. Mahan ___ 3. Upton Sinclair ___ 4. L. Frank Baum ___ 5. George Washington ___ 6. William Randolph Hearst ___ 7. Rudyard Kipling ___ 8. Alexis de Tocqueville ___ 9. Turner ___ 10. John James Audubon ___ 11. Romanticism • Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty & equality • B. Argued that by 1890, the American Frontier had disappeared • C. Exposed the corruption of the meat packing industry • D. Wrote about control of the seas and American Imperialism • E. A PRECEDENT established by _______________, called Executive Privilege • F. Wrote a book that is an allegory of the politics of the time (1900) • G. Publisher……headlines that emphasized scandal & corruption…….helped start the Spanish American War • H. Emphasized emotions & feelings over rationality • Romantic – Era Artist, member of the Hudson River School • J. Exposed oil company corruption – Standard Oil, a Muckraker • K. Poet…duty to “christianize & civilize” less developed nations

27. ____1. Admiration for a lack of a permanent Aristocracy in the USA ____2. fueled Progressives’ arguments for Social Reform ____3. Imperialism, control of the seas ____4. Meat Inspection Act of 1906 ____5. Protect the National Security ____6. A popular book ____7. Public Colleges established across the USA ____8. Emphasized scandal & corruption with bold headlines ____9 Christianize and Civilize ____10. Emotional unity with God ____11. Emotions & feelings over rationality ____12. Emotion of nature, birds, animals ____13. Shaped American spirit & character • A. Romanticism • B. Transcendentalism • John James • Audubon • D. Muckrakers • E. The Jungle • F. Influence of Sea • Power Upon History • Yellow Journalism • Morrill Land • Grant Act • I. The Wonderful • Wizard of Oz • Executive Privilege • “White Man’s Burden” • Turner on Frontier • Thesis • M. Alexis de Tocqueville

28. Fact of the Day TEST 4 ___ 1. Ida Tarbell ___ 2. Alfred T. Mahan ___ 3. Upton Sinclair ___ 4. L. Frank Baum ___ 5. George Washington ___ 6. William Randolph Hearst ___ 7. Rudyard Kipling ___ 8. Alexis de Tocqueville ___ 9. Turner ___ 10. John James Audubon ____11. Romanticism D C J E G F K A H B I • Assessed the American attempt to have both liberty & equality • B. Argued that by 1890, the American Frontier had disappeared • C. Exposed the corruption of the meat packing industry • D. Wrote about control of the seas and American Imperialism • E. A “PRECEDENT” established by ________________called Executive Privilege • F. Wrote a book that is an allegory of the politics of the time (1900) • G. Publisher……headlines that emphasized scandal & corruption….helped start the Spanish American War • H. Emphasized emotions & feelings over rationality • Romantic – Era Artist, member of the Hudson River School • J. Exposed oil company corruption, a Muckraker • K. Poet…duty to “christianize & civilize” less developed nations

29. A. Romanticism • B. Transcendentalism • John James • Audubon • D. Muckrakers • E. The Jungle • F. Influence of Sea • Power Upon History • Yellow Journalism • Morrill Land • Grant Act • I. The Wonderful • Wizard of Oz • Executive Privilege • “White Man’s Burden” • Turner on Frontier • Thesis • M. Alexis de Tocqueville ____1. Admiration for a lack of a permanent Aristocracy in the USA ____2. fueled Progressives’ arguments for Social Reform ____3. Imperialism, control of the seas ____4. Meat Inspection Act of 1906 ____5. Protect the National Security ____6. A popular book ____7. Public Colleges established across the USA ____8. Emphasized scandal & corruption with bold headlines ____9 Christianize and Civilize ____10. Emotional unity with God ____11. Emotions & feelings over rationality ____12. Emotion of nature, birds, animals ____13. Shaped American spirit & character M D F E J I H G K B A C L

30. GRADING KEY 24 Questions 1 = 96 2 = 92 3 = 88 4 = 83 5 = 79 6 = 75 7 = 71 8 = 67 9 = 63 10 = 58 11 = 54 12 = 50 13 = 46 14 = 42 15 = 38 16 = 33 17 = 29 18 = 25

31. 24 Questions 7 = 71 8 = 67 9 = 63 10 = 58 11 = 54 12 = 50 GRADING KEY 1 = M 2 = D 3 = F 4 = E 5 = J 6 = I 7 = H 1 = J 2 = D 3 = C 4 = F 5 = E 6 = G 7 = K 8 = A 9 = B 10 = I 11 = H 1 = 96 2 = 92 3 = 88 4 = 83 5 = 79 6 = 75 13 = 46 14 = 42 15 = 38 16 = 33 17 = 29 18 = 25 8 = G 9 = K 10 = B 11 = A 12 = C 13 = L

32. “The process which society pays for the law of competition…is great; but the advantages of this law are also greater….Whether the law be benign or not, we must say of it: It is here; we cannot evade it;….it is best for the race, because it ensures the survival of the fittest in every department.” The above passage is characteristic of A Egalitarianism B. Calvinism C. Progressivism D. Social Darwinism E. Cultural pluralism

33. The principle of “popular sovereignty” stated that • settlers in the Western territories, not Congress, would decide whether to allow slavery in their territory • whenever a new area was settled, all United States citizens were required to vote on the slave status of that area • any settlers disagreeing with federal laws governing slavery were free to ignore those laws • slavery would be permitted in any area after 1848 • The president, after meeting with public interest groups, was to decide on whether slaves would be allowed in a given territory

34. MUCKRAKERS furthered the causes of the Progressive movement by • organizing grassroots campaigns for political reform at the state level • suing large companies and donating their court awards to Progressive campaigns • staging large, violent protests in support of Progressive goals • warning Americans of the dangers inherent in such radical movements as communism and socialism • alerting the public to the social ills and corporate corruption targeted by Progressives

35. Someone who emigrated to the USA during the nineteenth century (1800’s) probably chose his or her new hometown based on where • jobs were plentiful • relatives already lived • premiums were paid to new settlers • the climate was most healthful and warm • passage by boat was available at the time

36. “The process which society pays for the law of competition…is great; but the advantages of this law are also greater….Whether the law be benign or not, we must say of it: It is here; we cannot evade it;….it is best for the race, because it ensures the survival of the fittest in every department.” The above passage is characteristic of A Egalitarianism B. Calvinism C. Progressivism D. Social Darwinism E. Cultural pluralism

37. Someone who emigrated to the USA during the nineteenth century (1800’s) probably chose his or her new hometown based on where • jobs were plentiful • relatives already lived • premiums were paid to new settlers • the climate was most healthful and warm • passage by boat was available at the time The majority of immigrants during the 19th Century came from places in which family concerns were of PRIMARY and SOMETIMES SOLITARY IMPORTANCE. So, they usually headed for a location where FAMILY had already SETTLED. The same, by the way, is pretty much still TRUE today.

38. The principle of “popular sovereignty” stated that • settlers in the Western territories, not Congress, would decide whether to allow slavery in their territory • whenever a new area was settled, all United States citizens were required to vote on the slave status of that area • any settlers disagreeing with federal laws governing slavery were free to ignore those laws • slavery would be permitted in any area after 1848 • The president, after meeting with public interest groups, was to decide on whether slaves would be allowed in a given territory ………a policy was sought to appease the abolitionist and slaveholders. By allowing the settlers to decide the slave status of an area, popular sovereignty took some pressure off Congress, which was growing DIVIDED over the issue. Henry Clay invoked the idea of Popular Sovereignty in the Compromise of 1850.

39. MUCKRAKERS furthered the causes of the Progressive movement by • organizing grassroots campaigns for political reform at the state level • suing large companies and donating their court awards to Progressive campaigns • staging large, violent protests in support of Progressive goals • warning Americans of the dangers inherent in such radical movements as communism and socialism • alerting the public to the social ills and corporate corruption targeted by Progressives ….Progressive era movement. “MUCKRAKERS” is a term Theodore Roosevelt coined to describe the investigative journalists of his day. They included Ida Tarbell whose book on Standard OiL revealed corruption in the oil industry. MUCKRAKERS helped fuel the public outcry for government reform, the main goal of the PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT.

41. Anglo-American women in COLONIAL TIMES • could own property or execute legal documents only if they were widowed or unmarried • enjoyed more liberties and rights than did Native American women • attended church less frequently than did Anglo-American men • were more likely than men to do agricultural work • were required by law by learn to read and write, in order to teach their children

42. All of the following Supreme Court decision during JOHN MARSHALL’S tenure as Supreme Court Justice to strengthen the federal government except • Gibbons V. Odgen, 1824 • Marbury v. Madison, 1803 • Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 • Worcester v. Georgia, 1831 • McCulloch v. Maryland,1819

43. During the seventeenth century, colonists’ daily life was influenced the most by • The Baptists in the Carolinas • The Puritans in Massachusetts • The Baptists in Rhode Island • The Catholics in Maryland • The Anglicans in Virginia Jacob Riis was a famous “muckraker” who wrote about • Governmental corruption • The powerful union of the 19th century • The misery of tenement life • The civil rights movement • Global warming

44. The carton drawn in 1754 served as • Thomas Paine’s warning against political repression • Ben Franklin’s exhortation to the colonies to unite against the French • Ben Franklin’s exhortation to the colonies to unite against British authority • the Committee of Correspondence’s warning of impending attack against the colonies. • the slogan of the Sons of Liberty after the Boston Tea Party

45. Anglo-American women in COLONIAL TIMES • could own property or execute legal documents only if they were widowed or unmarried • enjoyed more liberties and rights than did Native American women • attended church less frequently than did Anglo-American men • were more likely than men to do agricultural work • were required by law by learn to read and write, in order to teach their children Those few women who reached the age of maturity and remained unmarried had the same legal standing as men, except they were denied the right to vote. Widows had the same legal rights as unmarried women but ALL married women forfeited nearly all their rights to the HUSBANDS. Anything a woman owned prior to marriage BECAME her husbands property.

46. All of the following Supreme Court decision during JOHN MARSHALL’S tenure as Supreme Court Justice to strengthen the federal government except The Dred Scott case actually limited the power of the federal government by stating that Congress had no authority to determine where slaverycould and could not go. Furthermore, this was not a Marshall decision. • Gibbons V. Odgen, 1824 • Marbury v. Madison, 1803 • Dred Scott v. Sanford, 1857 • Worcester v. Georgia, 1831 • McCulloch v. Maryland,1819 Popular \Sovereignty HINT 1. The Marshall Court, 1801 - 1835

47. During the seventeenth century, colonists’ daily life was influenced the most by • The Baptists in the Carolinas • The Puritans in Massachusetts • The Baptists in Rhode Island • The Catholics in Maryland • The Anglicans in Virginia Jacob Riis was a famous “muckraker” who wrote about • Governmental corruption • The powerful union of the 19th century • The misery of tenement life • The civil rights movement • Global warming Photojournalist Riis exposed the misery of tenement life in his book, How the Other Half Lives, published in 1890.

48. The carton to the right drawn in 1754 served as • Thomas Paine’s warning against political repression • Ben Franklin’s exhortation to the colonies to unite against the French • Ben Franklin’s exhortation to the colonies to unite against British authority • the Committee of Correspondence’s warning of impending attack against the colonies. • the slogan of the Sons of Liberty after the Boston Tea Party Franklin drew the cartoon in 1754, to try and convince the colonies to unite against the French during the French and Indian War. 1754-1763