Bellringer #1

1. Bellringer #1 • Write a one paragraph summary of chapter 23 section 1. • You will have a QUIZ over this section today!

2. Bellringer #2 • What is the difference between direct rule and indirect rule? • What advantages and disadvantages did each bring to the colonized country? • Which countries in SE Asia were ruled directly, which were ruled indirectly?

3. Bellringer #3 • Which nation does the octopus represent? • Is this a pro-imperialism or anti-imperialism cartoon? • Name four nations the octopus has control of. • Name four other European nations that could be portrayed as an octopus. • What does this cartoon say about imperialism? • What would a modern-day version of this cartoon look like?

4. Egypt Libya Algeria Morocco Tunisia West Africa Nigeria Cameroons Equatorial Africa Angola Congo Eritrea Sudan Ethiopia Uganda Kenya German East Africa South West Africa South Africa Madagascar Northern Rhodesia Southern Rhodesia Bechuanaland Imperialism in Africa Map

5. Imperialism An Age of Western Dominance Chapter 23

6. Essential Questions • What were the major causes of the new imperialism after 1880? • What general principles of rule did Europeans follow in their colonials empires? • What economic policies were followed by the colonial nations? Who benefited from the policies? • How did nationalism affect the colonial peoples of Asia and Africa?

7. Imperialism in the Nineteenth Century • Imperialism-the extension of one nation’s power over other lands • Is this a new concept? • More rapid and dominating • Sought for direct control over vast territories

8. Motives • Economic • Capitalists states in the west sought markets and raw materials (rubber, oil, tin) for their industries • Wanted direct control of the areas where the markets and raw materials were found • Nationalism • Heated rivalries between the states in Europe • Colonies were a source of national prestige • Failure to enter the race for colonies was seen as a sign of weakness

9. Motives • Humanitarian • “White Man’s Burden” • Europeans believed that advanced nation’s of the west should help the backward nations of Asia and Africa • Believed it was their moral responsibility • Social Darwinism • Believed that superior races must dominate inferior races by force to show how strong they are • The fit are victorious and survive

10. Imperialism in Southeast Asia • In 1800, only two societies were ruled by Europeans • Spanish Philippines and Dutch East Indies • By 1900 virtually all SE Asia was under colonial rule • Began with Great Britain • Agreed to leave the Dutch East Indies alone, as long as they could have a hand in the Malay Peninsula • Built a colony on the small island of Singapore • Soon became a major stopping point for traffic on route to and from China

11. Imperialism in SE Asia • Britain began to advance further into SE Asia • Received rights to trade with Burma • Britain sought more direct presence to protect its possessions in India • Burmese monarchy collapsed and Britain had control over the entire country • France watched nervously as the British gained more control in the area

12. Imperialism in SE Asia • France had interests in Vietnam • Forced the Vietnamese to accept French protection, a quest that took 30 years. • Vietnam became a protectorate of France • France extended its “protection” over Cambodia, Annam, Tonkin, and Laos • Became known as Union of French Indochina • Thailand was the only free state in SE Asia • Two rulers were able to ward off colonial rule • Introduced Western learning and good relations with the European countries

13. Imperialism in SE Asia • Final conquest occurred during the Spanish-American War in 1898 • General George Dewey defeated the Spanish fleet at Manila Bay • President William McKinley decided the moral thing to do would be to turn the Philippines into an American colony • Was convenient location for trade with China • Guerilla forces led by Emilio Aguinaldo attempted to gain their independence from America • America won, the resistance was put down, and Aguinaldo was captured

14. Colonial Regimes in SE Asia • The new empires were governed by either indirect or direct rule • Indirect Rule-local rulers were allowed to maintain their authority and status • Direct Rule-local authority were removed from power and replaces with a new set of officials brought in from the mother country • Chief goal of Western nations was to exploit the natural resources and open up markets for their own manufactured goods

15. Colonial Regimes in SE Asia • Native people did not have political rights • Slow to create democratic institutions • Slow to bring in educational reforms • Limited to the elite • Did not foster economic development • Little industrialization took place • Mother countries wanted to keep resources available and cheap for their own goods

16. Colonial Regimes in SE Asia • Benefits of colonization • Beginning of modern economic systems • Development of an export market • Resistance to Colonial Rule • Came at first from the ruling class, then military and peasants joined in • Early movements failed • At first they were fighting for economic interests and religious beliefs • By 1930’s they were demanding national independence

17. Empire Building in Africa • By 1800, the slave trade had began to decline • By 1880, slaver had been abolished in all major countries of the world • Europeans began to look at other forms of trade in West Africa • Exchanged textiles and other manufactured goods in exchange for peanuts timber and pine oil • Began to set up permanent presence along the coast • Settlements were set up along the Gold Coast, Sierra Leone, and Liberia for freed slaves

18. Colonialism in Africa • Great Britain annexed and set up rule over the Gold Coast and Nigeria • France also stepped in and gained control of a large part of West Africa • In North Africa Europeans wanted to build a canal to connect the Mediterranean and the Red Seas • Suez Canal was built and opened in 1869 • Great Britain purchased Egypt’s share of the canal • When Egyptian army revolted against GB, Britain stepped in and set up a protectorate

19. Colonialism in Africa • Britain eventually gained control of the Sudan • French ruled equatorial Africa, Algeria, Tunisia, and some of Morocco • Spain was left with the rest of Morocco • Italy joined the scramble and seized Libya

20. Colonialism in Africa • West Africa • David Livingstone first arrived in Africa in 1841 • Trekked uncharted territories for 30 years • He disappeared and Henry Stanley was sent to find him • He was found on the East African coast • Stanley stayed in Africa to carry on Livingston’s work • Moved further in land and sailed the Congo River to the Atlantic Ocean • 1876-Stenley was hired by King Leopold II of Belgium to set up Belgian settlements in the Congo • France also planted their flag in the territories north of the Congo “Dr. Livingstone I presume.”

21. Colonization of Africa • Britain and Germany became rivals in East Africa • Otto Von Bismarck downplayed the importance of colonies but Germans wanted an empire • Germany took over Togo, Cameroons, in West Africa and also sought colonies in East Africa • Britain was also interested to help connect the British empire in the north and south • Portugal and Belgium also claimed parts of East Africa

22. Colonization in Africa • Berlin Conference 1884 • Called to settle claims in East Africa • Set up basic rules for further annexations of African territories by European nations • Goal was to avoid war and reduce tensions • Germany and Great Britain were given official recognition of their claims in East Africa • No delegated from Africa were present at the conference

23. Colonization in Africa • European presence grew rapidly in the south • European settlers from the 17th and 18th centuries migrated slowly into land inhabited by the Bantus • Boers, or Afrikaners, were ancestors of Dutch settlers from the 17th century who came to occupy the land

24. Colonization in Africa • Zulus began to carve out their own empire under the leadership of Shaka • War broke out between the Zulus and Europeans • Europeans overthrew Shaka and continued on their advance northward called the Great Trek • Hostilities began between the British and the Boers