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Energy, Gas Mileage and Hybrids

Learn about energy sources like chemical, nuclear, and geothermal, energy storage options, and efficient energy use in automobiles. Explore the benefits of hybrids for better gas mileage and reducing emissions. Discover the engineering solutions behind hybrid cars for sustainable driving. Dive into the world of energy efficiency and eco-friendly transportation.

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Energy, Gas Mileage and Hybrids

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  1. Energy, Gas Mileage and Hybrids I love my Prius

  2. Agenda • Energy Sources: Chemical, Nuclear, Mechanical, Hydro, Geothermal, Solar, … • Energy Storage: Chemical, Mechanical, Thermal • Energy in the Automobile: Efficiency, Losses and Gas Mileage • The Hybrid Car and Gas Mileage J. N. Denenberg

  3. Energy Sources • Chemical • Nuclear: Fission, Fusion, radioactive decay • Hydro-Electric • Geothermal • Others • Solar • Wind • Tidal J. N. Denenberg

  4. Energy Sources: Chemical • Fossil Fuels • Petroleum • Coal • Renewable • Farm Plants • Wood • Waste: Bio/cooking • Algae http://web.mit.edu/erc/spotlights/alg-all.html http://www.valcent.net/i/misc/Vertigro/index.html • Primary Batteries • Limited Supply • Politics: No new US refineries in 30 years; Drilling bans • “Global Warming” • CO2: “a pollutant” • Plants: collect carbon • Fermentation: Ethanol • Squeeze/Filter: Fuel Oil • Limited sources J. N. Denenberg

  5. Energy Sources: Nuclear • Fission • Major source in some countries (France, 75%) • No new plants in 30 years in the US: Fear • Fusion: always 20 years away • Radioactive Decay Batteries: Use Google or seehttp://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn2951http://www.geekextreme.com/content/view/4344/7/ J. N. Denenberg

  6. Energy Sources: Hydroelectric • Good locations limited • Destroys valleys • Requires water supply • Dams have multiple uses; Conflict • Water supply : Farming, Urban • Flood Control • Power Generation J. N. Denenberg

  7. Energy Sources: Geothermal • “Free” energy • Limited readily available locations • Iceland: significant use • Yellowstone: Oops a national park • Heat mostly deep in the earth’s mantle J. N. Denenberg

  8. Energy Sources: Others • Solar Photovoltaic • Efficiency (10-20%) • Cost and surface area • Wind • Becoming practical where allowed • Noise, Scenic … • Tidal: actually under study see http://www.darvill.clara.net/altenerg/tidal.htm J. N. Denenberg

  9. Energy Storage • Rechargeable Batteries • Hydrogen • A storage-delivery mechanism • Not an energy source • Biofuels • Ethanol • Fuel Oil • Kinetic Energy: • Flywheels • Good portable temporary energy storage • Failure modes • Potential Energy: • Hydro revisited (not for cars) • Spring • Compressed air: see C.A.T.S. (limited range) J. N. Denenberg

  10. Storage: Rechargeable batteries • Lead Acid • NiCad, NiMh (Patent issues till 2015) • Lithium • Cons: Expensive, Fire-explosion • Usable example see (about 10 times lead-acid cost)http://www.valence.com/ J. N. Denenberg

  11. Energy and the Automobile • Energy source (fuel) • Engine energy utilization • The drive train • Air resistance • Rolling Resistance J. N. Denenberg

  12. Energy and the Automobile:Stored Energy (in the tank) • Need 300 mile range (a function of MPG) • Gasoline: 125,000 BTU/Gal • Ethanol: 80,000 BTU/Gal (that’s why our mileage/HP drops 3% with 10% Ethanol blend) • Diesel Oil: 139,000 BTU/Gal • LPG (Propane), LNG: 91,000 BTU/Gal (under pressure, up to 3,000 kPa) • Hydrogen: 52,000 BTU/lb (gasoline is 18,000 BTU/lb, To get gallons need high pressure) • Dry Wood: ~6,000 BTU/lb (Coal ~10,000 BTU/lb)(Included to discuss steam driven cars, 1 gal. wood weighs ~50 lb) J. N. Denenberg

  13. Energy Losses in Automobiles:The Engine • Efficiency • Gasoline: Up to 32% • Diesel: higher efficiency dueto more compression(also more BTU/gal) • Friction: Oil • Pumping Losses (Back Pressure) • Air filter (Up to 1% of peak engine HP when clean; Much more if dirty) • Exhaust System: Catalytic, Resonator, & Muffler (up to 20 % of peak engine HP; costs 10% MPG City, 4% MPG Highway) http://www.eere.energy.gov J. N. Denenberg http://www.swri.edu/

  14. Energy Losses in Automobiles:Drive Train • Manual: friction losses • Automatic (particularly the torque converter) J. N. Denenberg

  15. Energy Losses in Automobiles:Air Resistance • From Fluid Mechanics, Landau & Lifshitz • Cd: friction coefficient • A: effective frontal area (20-40ft2) • : Air density (.08 lb/ft3) • v: velocity • For a small car (A=20 ft2, Cd=.3) see: http://www.miata.net/sport/Physics/06-Speed.html J. N. Denenberg

  16. Energy Losses in Automobiles:Tires- Low Rolling Resistance • Limited availability • Silica (organosilanes ) replaces Carbon Black as the binder • Improves flexibility (low heat generation) • Improves traction • Reduces electrical conductivity (static buildup) • Soft sidewalls, Higher cost(Handling limitation – use higher air pressure) • Gas Savings of up to 10 % J. N. Denenberg

  17. Hybrid Cars:An Engineering Solution • Small Displacement Engine • Energy source using fuel • Low losses: size, maintained at efficient operating point • Atkinson/Miller cycle (Prius): (shorten intake/compression cycle)http://home.earthlink.net/~graham1/MyToyotaPrius/Understanding/InternalCombustion.htm • Ultra Low emissions: AT-PZEV • Better gas mileage / efficiency at best operating point • Poor low end torque (and lower peak HP) • Energy storage and recovery • Electric motor-generator to supply torque when needed • Battery to store energy that would have been wasted • CVT (Hybrid Synergy Drive – Prius) • Low losses • Smooth operation • Low engine stress • Software Control • Limit Engine RPM range • Limit batter stress • Maximize efficiency My Results • 2008 EPA Gas Mileage • 48 city • 45 highway • 46 combined • Actual Gas Mileage • 45.5 average mpg • ~43 winter • ~48 summer • up to 57 summer stop-go • 128k miles • 4.5 years J. N. Denenberg

  18. Toyota Prius • HEVAmerica Prius Test • Gasoline Engine • 1.5 Liter, 4-cylinder • Atkinson cycle, 78 HP • Electric Motor • 65 HP and second M-G to control HSD • Battery • 7.5 Amp-hour, 200 volt NiMh stack • Coolant Thermos • conserve heat for short period to avoid warm-up cycle (~32 mpg on short trips, engine runs continuously) J. N. Denenberg

  19. Toyota CVT: HSD • Low Friction Planetary gears (ball bearings) • 3 Rings • Outer: Electric Motor and drive shaft • Mid: Gasoline engine • Inner:Motor-Generator which controls the CVT see:HSD Simulator* *http://doctord.webhop.net/courses/bei/eg31/Lectures/Hybrid/ThsSimulator.jar J. N. Denenberg

  20. Actual Results J. N. Denenberg

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