1 / 63

The human genome of is found where in the human body?

The human genome of is found where in the human body?. Nucleus Ribosome Smooth ER Cell membrane. The cellular structure where proteins are made is called the. Nucleus Smooth ER Ribosome Cell membrane. DNA and Biotechnology. Announcements. Circulation lab: Due Today!

marshall-jaidyn
Download Presentation

The human genome of is found where in the human body?

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. The human genome of is found where in the human body? • Nucleus • Ribosome • Smooth ER • Cell membrane

  2. The cellular structure where proteins are made is called the • Nucleus • Smooth ER • Ribosome • Cell membrane

  3. DNA and Biotechnology

  4. Announcements • Circulation lab: Due Today! • Homework Assignment #2: Due Wednesday! • Textbook Reading: • Chapter 21: Pgs 449-461 • Chapter 19: Pgs 406-412 • Online work: Chapter 21- Due Wednesday!

  5. Lecture Outline • DNA- Structure, function, and importance • How DNA works • The central dogma • Transcription and Translation • The DNA code • DNA replication • PCR- Function, usefulness, how it works • PCR Lab

  6. The importance of DNA

  7. The DNA double helix is the code of life • The blueprint for all structures in your body which are made of protein • DNA is comprised of nucleotides

  8. Nulceotides are the monomers of nucleic acid polymers • Consist of a sugar, a phosphate, and a nitrogen-containing base • Sugar can be deoxygenated • Bases contain the genetic information

  9. There are 4 kinds of DNA bases

  10. Adenine always matches with Thymine, Cytosine always matches with Guanine-Hydrogen bonds hold bases together

  11. Cellular machinery is sophisticated and required for life Cellular machinery is made largely of proteins Blueprints for all cellular machinery are contained in genes Genes are inherited from parents Humans have ~30,000 genes Living things are extremely complex

  12. Proteins give living things the variety of their structures

  13. Protein variety is generated by 1o structure- the sequence of amino acids which make the protein

  14. Amino Acids • Proteins consist of subunits called amino acids Figure 2.12

  15. How DNA works • Replication • Transcription • Translation

  16. The sequence of DNA bases is the code for the primary structure of proteins

  17. All cells require a copy of the genome • Genome- all the genes of the cell • Human genome is made of DNA • DNA is similar in all cells • Gene- 1 DNA Molecule (+ proteins the genetic information to produce a single product (protein) • DNA replication copies all cellular DNA

  18. Replication of DNA Figure 21.2

  19. In vivo, enzymes such as DNA polymerase make DNA replication happen

  20. The DNA code

  21. Computers use binary digital code • 01100001 = A • 01100010 =B • 01000011 =c • 00100111 = apostrophe • Etc. • http://www.geek-notes.com/tools/17/text-to-binary-translator/ 01000011 01101000 01100101 01100101 01110011 01100101 01100010 01110101 01110010 01100111 01100101 01110010 00100000 01000100 01100101 01101100 01110101 01111000 01100101 = cheeseburger deluxe

  22. How does the DNA code work? • atggcttcctccgaagacgttatcaaagagttcatgcgtttcaaagttcgtatggaaggttccgttaacggtcacgagttcgaaatcgaaggtgaaggtgaaggtcgtccgtacgaaggtacccagaccgctaaactgaaagttaccaaaggtggtccgctgccgttcgcttgggacatcctgtccccgcagttccagtacggttccaaagcttacgttaaacacccggctgacatcccggactacctgaaactgtccttcccggaaggtttcaaatgggaacgtgttatgaacttcgaagacggtggtgttgttaccgttacccaggactcctccctgcaagacggtgagttc=GFP

  23. The DNA code is (nearly) universal It uses groups of 3 bases (codon) 3 bases = 1 codon = 1 amino acid

  24. And what are these U’s for?

  25. RNA is ribonucleic acid • Ribose sugar is not deoxygenated • RNA is single-stranded • RNA has Uracil, not Thymine • There are many kinds: mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, siRNA, etc.

  26. RNA can fold back on itself • Single strand offers greater flexibility

  27. Kinds of RNA mRNA tRNA

  28. The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology • DNA RNA Protein • DNARNA : Transcription • RNA Protein: Translation

  29. DNA RNA Protein Trait

  30. The Universality of the DNA code makes this possible Firefly gene (Luciferase) in a tobacco plant

  31. Transcription and Translation

  32. Transcription: DNA RNA

  33. DNA Codes for RNA, Which Codes for Protein Figure 21.3

  34. DNA information is transcribed into mRNA Note in DNA: sense strand vs. antisense strand

  35. Translation: RNA Protein

  36. tRNA’s carry an amino acid at one end, and have an anticodon at the other Amino acid attachment site: Binds to a specific amino acid. Amino acid (phenylalanine) Anticodon: Binds to codon on mRNA, following complementary base-pairing rules. Anticodon mRNA Figure 21.6

  37. The ribosome matches tRNA’s to the mRNA, thereby linking amino acids in sequence

  38. tRNA’s add amino acids one by one according to mRNA instructions until the protein is complete

  39. In this way, the proteins in nature are virtually limitless

  40. Proteins are incredibly diverse at the molecular level A few examples Insulin Rubisco ATP synthase Fibrin Nitrogenase Protein function depends greatly on shape

  41. In the DNA code, syntax is critical • THE RED DOG ATE THE BIG CAT • THE RED DOT ATE THE BIG CAT • THG ERE DDO GAT ETH EBI GCA • THR EDD OGA TET HEB IGC AT • THE RED DOG ATE THE BBI GCA T • THE RED RED DOG ATE THE BIG CAT • RED DOG ATE THE BIG CAT

  42. Damaged DNA (a mutation) causes damaged proteins

  43. Consequences of a single base substitution • Misshapen protein • Misshapen red blood cell • Clogged capillaries • Cellular damage • Resistance to malaria

  44. Because the DNA code is universal, genes can be moved from one living thing to another Cell with gene of interest Bacterium Step 1: Isolate DNA from two sources. Plasmid Source (donor) DNA Fragments of source DNA Step 2: Cut both DNAs with the same restriction enzyme. Step 3: When mixed, the DNAs recombine by base pairing. Figure 21.14 (1 of 2)

  45. PCR

  46. PCR can replicate DNA in vitro 1. dNTPs 2. Mg++ containing Buffer 3. Taq polymerase 4. Primers for your gene of interest 5. Thermal cycler • A gene (piece of DNA) you are interested in All together = DNA xerox machine!

  47. PCR can replicate DNA in vitro • Step 1- Melting • DNA denatures • Step 2- Annealing • Primers bind to complementary sequences • Step 3- Elongation • Taq DNA polymerase adds free nucleotides to strands • Cycle is complete, DNA has doubled • Process can begin again

  48. dNTPs • Individual DNA nucleotides • Four kinds- A, C, G, and T • They match up with template DNA

  49. Taq Polymerase • DNA polymerase isolated from Thermophilus aquaticus bacteria • Lives in hot springs- heat resistant • Optimal Taq temp- 72C

  50. Primers • Single-stranded DNA sequences of 15-30 bp specific to gene of interest • One at the 5’ start, the other at the 3’ end of your gene

More Related