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Cladistics and Molecular Systematics. Depicting evolutionary changes. Homology. Homoplasy. Grouping rules. Only synapomorphies are evidence for common ancestry relationships. Convergences and parallelisms evolved independently so they cannot provide information about common ancestry.
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Grouping rules • Only synapomorphies are evidence for common ancestry relationships. • Convergences and parallelisms evolved independently so they cannot provide information about common ancestry. • Symplesiomorphies cannot show common ancestry within the group because they evolved earlier in the hierarchy.
Parsimony • Most common method of choosing among trees • Minimizes evolutionary change • Occam’s Razor - Do not generate a hypothesis any more complex than the data demands
Characters for Cladistics • Qualitative – presence / absence • Multistate • Meristic – counting parts • Quantitative – measurements
Morphological characters • Limited numbers of characters • Many characters vary continuously • Homologies may be hard to discern
Plant Genomes • Chloroplast 135-160 kbp (cpDNA) • Mitochondrion 200-2,500 kbp (mtDNA) • Nucleus 1.1 x 106 - 110 x 109
Molecular characters • Point mutations • Insertions • Deletions • Inversions
Molecular characters • Enormous numbers of characters • Four states for each character • Different parts of the genome accumulate mutations at different rates – possible to examine relationships at different levels
Classifications • Artificial – group taxa according to similarities • Natural – group taxa according to evolutionary relationships • Traditional – intuitive • Phenetic – based on similarities • Cladistic – based on evolutionary links
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group • Angiosperms
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group • Eudicots