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Introduction to CERN

Introduction to CERN. June 2010. Dr. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN, Geneva Thanks to F. Briard for providing some of the slides. Our universe has gigantic dimensions and continues to expand. At the same time it is cooling down... ... and has been doing so for approximately 13.7 billion years.

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Introduction to CERN

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  1. Introduction to CERN June 2010 Dr. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN, Geneva Thanks to F. Briard for providing some of the slides

  2. Our universe has gigantic dimensions and continues to expand. At the same time it is cooling down... ... and has been doing so for approximately 13.7 billion years Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  3. 13.7 Billion Years Today 1028 cm or 100 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 km Evolution of the Universe Big Bang LHC 10-10s Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  4. Big Bang Proton Atom Radius of the Earth Distance Earth to Sun Radius of Galaxies Universe LHC Super-Microscope cm Hubble ALMA WMAP VLT Studying the fundamental laws of nature right after the big bang is the ideal complement to the observations made by astrophysics and cosmology Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  5. Inside Matter All matter is made of the same constituents What are they? What are the forces between them? Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  6. The fundamental interactions Gravitation electromagnetism weak nuclear force strong nuclear force The ‘Standard Model’ = cosmic DNA The matter particles

  7. Where do the masses comes from ? Some particles have mass, some do not Newton: Weight proportional to Mass Einstein: Energy related to Mass Neither explained origin of Mass 0 Are masses due to Higgs boson? (yet another particle)

  8. Dark Matter in the Universe Astronomers say that most of the matter in the Universe is invisible Dark Matter ‘Supersymmetric’ particles ? We shall look for them with the LHC

  9. Fundamental physics questions: • Why do particles have mass? • Newton could not explain it - and neither can we… • What is 96% of the Universe made of? • We only know 4% of it! • Why is there no antimatter left in the Universe? • Nature should be symmetrical • What was matter like during the first second of the Universe’s life, right after the "Big Bang"? • A journey towards the beginning of the Universe will gives us deeper insight CERN has built a new accelerator, the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), allowing us to look at microscopic big bangs to understand the fundamental laws of nature Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  10. CERN stands for over 50 years of… • fundamental research and discoveries • technological innovation • training and education • bringing the world together 1954 Rebuilding Europe First meeting of theCERN Council 2008 Global Collaboration The Large Hadron Collider involves over 100 countries 1980 East meets West Visit of a delegation from Beijing Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  11. What means «  »? 1952 1954 CERN C E R N ConseilEuropéen pour laRechercheNucléaire OrganisationEuropéenne pour laRechercheNucléaire European Council for Nuclear Research European Organization for Nuclear Research EuropeanLaboratory for ParticlePhysics

  12. CERN Governance Twenty Member States:Austria Belgium Bulgaria Czech RepublicDenmark Finland France GermanyGreece Hungary Italy NetherlandsNorway Poland Portugal Slovak RepublicSpain Sweden Switzerland United Kingdom Plus eight Observers:European Commission, India, Israel, Japan, Russian Federation, Turkey, UNESCO and USA Budget:(2009) 1100 MCHF Personnel: 2256 Staff, 700 Fellows and Associates, >10’000Users Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  13. CERN’s tools • The world’s most powerful accelerator: LHC • A 27 km long tunnel filled with high-tech instruments • Equipped with thousands of superconducting magnets • Accelerates particles to energies never obtained before • Produces particle collisions creating microscopic “big bangs” • Very large sophisticated detectors • Four experiments each the size of a cathedral • Hundred million measurement channels each • Data acquisition systems treating Petabytes per second • Top level computing to distribute and analyse the data • A Computing Grid linking ~200 computer centres around the globe • Sufficient computing power and storage to handle 15 Petabytes per year, making them available to thousands of physicists for analysis

  14. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  15. CERN’saccelerator complex

  16. LHC Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  17. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) tunnel Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  18. ALICE CMS ATLAS Enter a New Era in Fundamental Science Start-up of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), one of the largest and truly global scientific projects ever, is the most exciting turning point in particle physics. Exploration of a new energy frontier Proton-proton collisions at ECM = 14 TeV LHC ring: 27 km circumference

  19. The “ATLAS” experiment during construction 7000 tons, 150 million sensors, 1 petabyte/s Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  20. The most extensive scientific computing grid • 15 Petabytes(15 millions Gigabytes)of data every year • 200’000 processors • >200 computer centres all over the planet

  21. Three examples: Medical Diagnostics Medical Treatment World Wide Web Spin-offs from High-Energy Physics Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  22. Idea of PET Photon detection used for calorimetry PET today CMS calorimeter Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  23. Courtesy of IBA Accelerators: developed in physics labs are used in hospitals Around 9000 of the 17000 accelerators operating in the World today are used for medicine. Hadron Therapy Example: Hadron Therapy Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  24. Practical applications: the World Wide Web • Developed with the experience of LEP in preparation of the LHC project in 1989! • Freely given to the world!

  25. CERN – a laboratory with extreme requirements in many domains Extreme requirements can only be fulfilled with constant innovation

  26. The fastest racetrack on the planet… Trillions of protons will race around the 27km ring in opposite directions over 11,000 times a second, travelling at 99.999999991 per cent the speed of light. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  27. The emptiest space in the solar system… To accelerate protons to almost the speed of light requires a vacuum as empty as interplanetary space. There is 10 times more atmosphere on the moon than there will be in the LHC. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  28. One of the coldest places in the universe… With an operating temperature of about -271 degrees Celsius, just 1.9 degrees above absolute zero, the LHC is colder than outer space. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  29. The hottest spots in the galaxy… When two beams of protons collide, they will generate temperatures 1000 million times hotter than the heart of the sun, but in a minuscule space. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  30. The biggest most sophisticated detectors ever built… ALICE To sample and record the debris from up to 600 million proton collisions per second, scientists are building gargantuan devices that measure particles with micron precision. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  31. One of the most extensive computer system in the world… To analyse the data, tens of thousands of computers around the world are being harnessed in the Grid. The laboratory that gave the world the web, is now taking distributed computing a big step further. Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

  32. The Mecca of the Particle Physics community … … bringing the world together Wolfgang von Rüden, CERN

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