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This paper delves into various research methodologies, contrasting positivist approaches such as measurement and survey techniques, with non-positivist methods like ethnography, interviews, and naturalistic observation. It critically examines how ideological frameworks influence research practices and the significance of action research in addressing real-world issues. Through this analysis, we aim to highlight the strengths and limitations of each approach, advocating for a pluralistic view of research that embraces diverse methodologies to enrich understanding of social phenomena.
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POSITIVISM NUMBERS, MEASUREMENT SURVEY, EXPERIMENT NATURALISTIC APPROACHES ETHNOGRAPHY INTERVIEW OBSERVATION CRITICAL APPROACHES IDEOLOGY CRITIQUE NON-POSITIVIST ACTION RESEARCH