Chapter 12

1. Chapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism

2. Oliver Hazard Perry On to Canada over Land and Lakes

3. Army of the War of 1812 • Army poorly trained • Supplemented by poorly trained militia • Remaining generals from Revolutionary War

4. American Offensive Strategy • Americans lost strength in the three-pronged invasion • Trio invaded Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain • Defeated at Canadian border

5. British Aide Canadians • Captured American Fort Michilimackinac • Fort commanded upper Great Lakes and Indian-inhabited area • Operations led by British General Isaac Brock, assisted by “General Mud” and “General Confusion”

6. Americans looked for success on waters • Navy did much better than the Army • American ships more skillfully handled than British • Better Gunners • Frigates had thicker sides, heavier fire power, larger crews • Control of the Great Lakes was vital

7. Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended British entered and set fire to most of capitol British in 1814, aimed at New Orleans Andrew Jackson commands 7,000 troops 8,000 British veterans assaulted American riflemen and cannoneers British lost over two thousand in half an hour. The Royal navy blockaded America’s coast --Crippled American economy

10. The Treaty of Ghent • Tsar of Russia brought 5 American peacemakers to city of Ghent. • British demand a neutralized Indian state in the Great Lakes and part of Maine; Americans reject these terms. • The Treaty of Ghent- an armistice where both sides agreed to stop fighting and restore conquered territory.

11. Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention

12. A small group of New England extremists proposed secession from the Union. • Massachusetts issued a call for a convention at Hartford, where 26 men met in secrecy. • The Convention’s report demanded financial assistance and proposed amendments requiring a two-thirds vote before embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared.

13. The Second War for Independence • Other Nations developed new respect for America’s prowess. • The events of war revealed folly of sectional disunity. • The Indians consented to relinquish vast areas of forested land north of Ohio River. • Industries become less dependent on Europe’s workshops.

14. Nascent Nationalism • Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained international recognition. • School textbooks were now being written by Americans for Americans and magazines began publication in 1815. • Congress voted a revived Bank of the United States in 1816.

15. “The American System” • British competitors began to dump the contents of their warehouses on the United States. • The Tariff of 1816 first tariff instituted for protection. • The American System: a strong banking system, a protective tariff, and a network of roads and canals.

16. Henry Clay

17. James Monroe voted for the Presidency by Republicans Issues of the tariff, the bank, internal improvements, and the sale of public lands were being hotly contested. Sectionalism was crystallizing, and the conflict over slavery was beginning to raise its hideous head. The So-Called Era of Good Feelings

18. The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times • In 1819 panic brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and overcrowded debtors’ prisons • The Bank of the United States became deeply involved in this popular type of outdoor gambling and forced the western banks to wall and foreclosed mortgages on countless farms

19. Growing Pains of the West The Battle of the Thames, Where Tecumseh Was Killed in 1813

20. Nine frontier states joined the original thirteen between 1791 and1819. • Reasons for explosive expansion are: “the Ohio fever”, eager new comers, and land exhaustion. • Acute economic distress and crushing of Indians in Northwest and South by Generals Harrison and Jackson pacified frontier and opened vast virgin tracts of land. • The building of highways improved the land routes to Ohio Valley.

21. The Land Act of 1820 • The West forced to ally itself with other sections, and demanded cheap acreage and partially achieved its goal • Act authorized buyers to purchase 80 acres at minimum of $1.25 an acre in cash • It also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money.

22. Slavery and the Sectional Balance • In 1819 Missouri asked Congress for admission as slave state. • With every passing decade, the North was becoming wealthier and more thickly settled • Missouri was the first state entirely west of the Mississippi River to be carved out of the Louisiana Purchase

23. The Tallmadge Amendment • Stipulated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri • Provided gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there

24. The Uneasy Missouri Compromise • Deadlock in Washington was broken in 1820 by the American solution of a bundle of three compromises • Congress agreed to admit Missouri as a slave state, but at same time Maine was admitted as separate state • South won Missouri as an unrestricted slave state; the North won the concession that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining territories • The Missouri Compromise lasted thirty-four years and during that time it preserved the shaky compact of the states • Monroe was the only president in American history to be reelected after a term in which a major financial panic began

25. John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism

26. The up surging nationalism of the post-Ghent years was further reflected and reinforced by the Supreme Court. • One group of John Marshall’s decisions bolstered the power of the federal government at the expense of the states.

27. McCulloch v. Maryland • McCulloch v. Maryland involved an attempt by the state of Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on its notes. • Marshall strengthened federal authority and slapped at state infringements when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the Bank. • Marshall said that the Constitution was derived from the consent of the people and thus permitted the government to act for their benefit.

28. Cohens v. Virginia • The case of Cohens v. Virginia gave Marshall one of his greatest opportunities to defend the federal power. • The Cohens were found guilty by the Virginia courts of illegally selling lottery tickets and Virginia won in the sense that the conviction of the Cohens was upheld; but Virginia and all the individual states lost, because Marshall asserted the right of the Supreme Court to review the decisions of the state supreme courts in all questions involving powers of the federal government.

29. Gibbons v. Ogden • The suit of Gibbons v. Ogden grew out of attempt by the state of New York to grant to a private concern a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey. • Marshall reminded the state that the Constitution conferred on Congress alone the control of interstate commerce.

30. Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses Painted by Robert Clayton Burns, this painting depicts Daniel Webster's argument of the famous Dartmouth College Case.

31. Fletcher v. Peck • The case of Fletcher v. Peck (1810) arose when a Georgia legislature, swayed by liberty, granted 35 million acres in the Yazoo River country (Mississippi) to private speculators, but the next legislature canceled the crooked transaction. • The Supreme Court decreed that the legislative grant was a contract and that the Constitution forbids state laws “impairing” contracts. • It was also one of the earliest clear assertions of the right of the Supreme Court to invalidate state laws conflicting with the federal Constitution.

32. Dartmouth College v. Woodward • The case of Dartmouth College v. Woodward (1819) was when the college had been granted a charter by King George III, 1769, but democratic New Hampshire state legislature wanted to change it. • Dartmouth employed as counsel its most distinguished alumnus, Daniel Webster. • Marshall ruled that the original charter must stand and the Dartmouth decision had the fortunate effect to safeguarding business enterprise from the domination by the states’ government.

33. Webster • Daniel Webster was an Expounding Father; his classic speeches in Senate, challenging states’ rights and nullification, were largely repetitious of arguments that he had earlier presented before Supreme Court.

34. Marshall buttressed the federal Union and helped create a stable, nationally uniform environment for business He checked the excesses of popularly elected state legislatures; shaped the Constitution along the conservative He centralized lines that ran somewhat counter to dominant spirit of new country. Marshall

35. Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida • Americans already claimed west Florida in 1810; Congress ratified this in 1812 • When an epidemic of revolutions broke out in South America, Spain denuded Florida of troops to fight the rebels • Jackson secured commission to enter Spanish territory, punish Indians, and recapture runaways. • In Florida Purchase Treaty(Adams-Onis ) of 1819, Spain ceded Florida, and Spanish claims to Oregon, in exchange for America’s abandonment of equal claims to Texas

36. The Treaty of 1818 • The Monroe administration negotiated the Treaty of 1818 with Britain • It permitted Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with Canadians, and fixed the northern limits of Louisiana along the forty-ninth parallel from the Lake of the Woods to the Rocky Mountains • It further provided for a ten-year joint occupation of Oregon Country, without a surrender of the rights of claims of either America or Britain

37. The Menace of Monarchy in America • The crowned despots smothered rebellion in Italy and Spain • Americans feared if European powers intervened in New World, cause of republicanism would suffer irreparable harm • Great Britain didn’t join the continental European powers in crushing the newly won liberties of Spanish-Americans because they opened their monopoly-bound ports to outside trade

38. Russia’s Involvement • Russia, Austria, Prussia, and France would presumably send powerful fleets and armies to colonies of Spanish America and restore autocratic Spanish King • In 1821, the Russian Tzar made a decree extending Russian jurisdiction over one hundred miles of open sea down the line of 51* • The energetic Russians had already established trading posts almost as far south as the entrance to San Francisco Bay Alexander II

39. Canning Proposal • In August 1823 George Canning, British foreign secretary, approached American minister in London with proposition • The U.S. join Britain in declaration renouncing interest in acquiring Latin American Territory, and warning the European despots to keep their hands off the Latin Republics • Adams thought if Canning could seduce the U.S. into joining with him to support territorial integrity of New World, America’s own hands would be tied John Quincy Adams

40. Monroe and His Doctrine • The Monroe Doctrine was born with two features of non-colonization and nonintervention, and the president on December 2, 1823, incorporated a stern warning to all European powers • Monroe first directed his doctrine at Russia in Northwest and proclaimed the era of colonization in Americas ended and the hunting season permanently closed • Monroe directed European crowned heads to keep their monarchical systems out of his hemisphere; and for its part the U.S. would not intervene with war

41. Monroe’s Doctrine Upraised • Though offended by upstart Yankees, European powers found their hands tied, and frustrations increased their annoyance • The Russo-American Treaty of 1824 fixed the tzar’s southernmost line of 54*40’. • The United States never willingly permitted a powerful foreign nation to secure a foothold near its Caribbean vitals