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Section 8.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

Section 8.3 Control of the Cell Cycle. p. 211 - 213. Proteins and enzymes control the cell cycle. The cell cycle is controlled by proteins called cyclins and a group of enzymes that attach to them.

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Section 8.3 Control of the Cell Cycle

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  1. Section 8.3Control of the Cell Cycle p. 211 - 213

  2. Proteins and enzymes control the cell cycle • The cell cycle is controlled by proteins called cyclins and a group of enzymes that attach to them. • Uncontrolled dividing may happen because of not having the rightenzymes, too many enzymes, or enzymes being made at the wrong time.

  3. Cancer • Is a growth resulting from uncontrolledcell growth. • This can be due to environmental factors or changes in how many enzymes are produced.

  4. Enzyme production • Genes control enzyme production. • Genes are located on the chromosomes. • A gene is a segmentof DNA that controls protein production.

  5. Many scientists think that the end of G1 interphase is an important piece of the puzzle as to why the signal gets messed up. • There are many enzymes that trigger DNA replication.

  6. Cancer: A Mistake in the Cell Cycle • Comes from changes in one or more genes that code for proteins involved with the cell cycle. • Many types of cancer form tumors. • Some cancers like leukemia do not form tumors.

  7. Cancer: A Mistake in the Cell Cycle • When cancer spread throughout the body we call it metastasis. • Cancers metastasize through the blood and lymph systems. • No matter where the cancer ends up, it is named after the place it starts.

  8. Cancer in the US • Cancer is the second leading cause of death in the US. (only heart disease kills more people) • It is estimated that 1/3 of all women and ½ of all men in the US will develop some type of cancer. • Lung, colon, breast, and prostate cancer are the most prevalent types.

  9. The causes of cancer • The cause of cancer can be either environmental or genetic. • Environmental factors are noticeable when groups from certain areas have a higher incidence of cancer than other areas. • Environmental factors from certain diets, cigarettesmoke, air and water pollution, uv radiation from the sun are all known to damage the genes that affect the cell cycle.

  10. The causes of cancer • Viruses also cause some cancers. • In 2006 – Merck’s HPV vaccine, Gardasil, was approved for use in the US to help prevent cervical cancer.

  11. Cervical cancer • Normal cervical cells as seen in a Pap test (above) contrast with the precancerous cells (below) caused by a persistent HPV infection.

  12. Human Prostate Cancer Cells Human Breast Cancer Cells

  13. Cancer Prevention • Many studies indicate that there are links between healthy life style choices and cancer. • Diets low in fat and high in fiber are recommended to reduce the risk of cancers. • High fat diets have been linked to an increased risk of colon, breast, and prostate cancer.

  14. Cancer Prevention • Diets high in fiber are thought to reduce the risk of colon cancer. • Daily exercise and not smoking are also strongly recommended in the task of reducing the risk of cancer.

  15. Colon cancer A polyp is a growth that occurs in the colon and other organs. These growths, or fleshy tumors, are shaped like a mushroom or a dome-like button, and occur on the inside lining of the colon. While many colon polyps start out as benign (not harmful) tumors, some polyps, in time, become malignant (harmful). The larger the polyp, the more likely it is to contain cancer cells.

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