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Spatial dimensions of child social exclusion risk: widening the scope

Spatial dimensions of child social exclusion risk: widening the scope. Annie Abello, Cathy Gong, Justine McNamara and Anne Daly. Paper presented at the 11 th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne, July 7-9 th 2010. Acknowledgements.

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Spatial dimensions of child social exclusion risk: widening the scope

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  1. Spatial dimensions of child social exclusion risk: widening the scope Annie Abello, Cathy Gong, Justine McNamara and Anne Daly Paper presented at the 11th Australian Institute of Family Studies Conference, Melbourne, July 7-9th 2010

  2. Acknowledgements • This paper was funded by ARC Discovery Grant DP1094318: Towards an enhanced understanding of child and youth social exclusion risk at a small area level in Australia The authors would like to thank the other Chief Investigators and Partner Investigators on the grant – Prof Laurie Brown, Dr Asher Ben-Arieh, Professor Michael Noble and Ms Leanne Johnson, as well as Ann Harding and Robert Tanton from NATSEM and staff of the Bureau of Infrastructure, Transport and Regional Economics.

  3. Background • Earlier ARC-funded research into child social exclusion • Development of NATSEM’s original Child Social Exclusion (CSE) Index • Work under new grant (2010 – 2012): • Further development and refinement of CSE Index • Creation of an index of youth social exclusion risk • More analysis

  4. Refining the index • Re-examination of conceptual and measurement frameworks • Investigation of new sources of data/variables • Re-visiting methodology (first version used Principal Components Analysis to create index – similar to SEIFA indexes; this version we are creating domains, using PCA within domains and then equal weighting to combine domains) • Comparing results • Work still ongoing

  5. Conceptualising social inclusion/exclusion Very large literature on conceptualising and measuring social exclusion, and much debate. Issues include: • Differences between social exclusion and poverty • Individual/structural • Relational aspects • Normative judgements • Overlap of risk/causal factors with outcomes • How important is persistence • Wide and deep exclusion

  6. Social exclusion and children • Levitas et al. (2007)UK work on matrix of social exclusion measures which can be applied to different age groups • UK social exclusion and poverty audit indicators for children (Opportunity for All) • SPRC Australian work on social exclusion measures related to children • Small but increasing number of international small area indicators of child deprivation/disadvantage (eg UK, South Africa)

  7. Some additional conceptual and measurement issues • Data availability, especially for some concepts/dimensions • The role (and availability) of data on children’s subjective well-being • Importance of policy relevance • Composite index vs individual variables • Use of domains

  8. Domains and variables used for original and revised NATSEM CSE index Data source: ABS Census 2006. We also intend to include some administrative data, such as crime, education outcome, environment and transport data if they are available for small area.

  9. Refinements to methodology • Principal Components Analysis (PCA) (1) To transform a set of correlated data into a smaller set of uncorrelated components. (2) PCA is used for all variables to estimate original NATSEM CSE index, but used for variables within each domain to estimate the revised CSE index. • Equal weighting: for the revised CSE index only, we take the mean of each of 4 domains using equal weights, after exponential transformation of the index for each domain.

  10. Statistics of main variables, Australia, 2006

  11. Correlation matrix of main variables

  12. Scree plot of domains (To test PCA)

  13. Loadings for domains

  14. Proportion of children by CSE quintile by capital cities/balance of Australia Original version of index Revised version of index

  15. Areas with most and least social exclusion risk, old and new version 50 areas with greatest risk: • In both old and new versions, 98% in non-capital city areas • 70% of greatest risk small areas in new version were also in this group in old version 50 areas with least risk: • In both old and new versions, 94% in capital city areas • 72% of least risk small areas in new version were also in this group in old version

  16. Correlations between CSE index (new version) for children aged 0 to 15, 0-4 and 5-15, 2006

  17. Social exclusion characteristics by capital city/balance of Australia

  18. Characteristics for areas with greatest and least risk (n=50)

  19. Future work • Additional variables, especially for domains currently not covered/poorly covered (e.g. physical environment; crime and safety; education outcomes) • Continue to trial index creation techniques • Map and further analyse results • Youth index

  20. www.natsem.canberra.edu.au

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