Lecture (8)

1. Lecture (8)

2. Basic Projections Anteroposterior (AP) Lateral • Forearm AP Forearm Exposure Factors Patient position Seated at end of radiographic table With arm extended

3. Part position • Forearm resting on table top • Supinate hand • Include ( joints) of interest • Central Ray • Perpendicular • Center Point To mid forearm Structures shown AP projection of the entire radius & ulna Minimum proximal row of carpals and distal humerus Note: Pronation of the hand result in radius crossing over ulna

4. AP Forearm

5. Exposure Factors • Lateral Forearm • Patient position • Seated at end of radiographic table • Part position • Rest Humerus &Forearm t on table top • Elbow flexed 90 degrees • Hand in lateral position • Include ( joints) of interest • Central Ray Perpendicular • Center Point • To mid forearm

6. Structures shown • Lateral projection of the entire radius and ulna • Proximal row of carpals bones • Elbow and distal end of the humerus Lateral Forearm

7. Basic Projections AP LAT Medial Oblique Lateral Oblique Axial • Elbow Joint AP Elbow Exposure Factors

8. Patient position • Seated at end of radiographic table • With arm extended • Part position • Forearm resting on table top • Supinate hand • Center elbow joint to cassette • Shoulder , elbow & wrist at • the same level • Central Ray • Perpendicular • Center Point • To elbow joint

9. Structures shown • Distal humerus • Elbow joint space • Proximal radius and ulna AP Elbow

10. Exposure Factors • Lateral Elbow Patient position Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table Part position Flex elbow 90 degrees Lat .hand Center flexed elbow to cassette Adjust wrist &hand in lateral position Adjust shoulder , elbow & wrist at the same level

11. Central Ray Perpendicular • Center Point To lateral epicondyle of humerus • Structures shown Lateral projection of: Distal humerus& proximal forearm Olecranon process Lateral Elbow

12. Patient position • Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table • Part position • Extend forearm • Medial Oblique elbow • Pronate hand &medially rotate arm • Center flexed elbow to cassette • Adjust anterior surface of elbow to be • 40-45 degrees • Adjust shoulder , elbow & wrist at • The same level • Central Ray • Perpendicular • Center Point • To mid elbow joint (2cm distal to midpoint of line between epicondyles.

13. Patient position • Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table • Part position • Extend forearm • Rotate hand laterally • Center flexed elbow to cassette • Adjust posterior surface of elbow • to be 40 degrees to cassette • Adjust shoulder , elbow & wrist at • The same level • Central Ray • Perpendicular • Center Point • To mid elbow joint (2cm distal to midpoint of • line between epicondyles.) • Structures shown • Oblique view of the distal humerus & proximal ulna and radius • Lateral Oblique elbow

14. Patient position • Seated at end of radiographic table with • Flexed arm resting on table top • Part position • Align and center humerus to long axis of cassette • Forearm flexed with fingers resting on shoulder • Center flexed elbow to cassette • Palpate and ensure epicondyles equal distances • Axial elbow from cassette Central Ray Perpendicular to cassette Center Point Mid way between epicondyles Structures shown Trochlea, Capitulum, Olecranon process and Distal humerus

15. AP Elbow ( Injured patient Patient position Seated at end & parallel to radiographic table with partially elbow flexed Part position Obtain tow AP projections one with forearm Parallel to cassette and on with humerus Parallel to cassette Center flexed elbow to cassette Central Ray Perpendicular Center Point To mid elbow joint Structures shown distal humerus & proximal ulna and radius Note:this position obtained if fracture or dislocation is suspected If elbow flexed near 90 degrees take the same With tube angulation 10-15 degrees into elbow