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Aldehydes and Ketones

Aldehydes and Ketones. AH Chemistry Unit 3(b). Functional Group. What is the functional group of the aldehydes and ketones? What type of bonds link the C and O atoms?. Physical Properties. How do the boiling points compare to alkanes ? Why?

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Aldehydes and Ketones

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  1. Aldehydes and Ketones AH Chemistry Unit 3(b)

  2. Functional Group • What is the functional group of the aldehydes and ketones? • What type of bonds link the C and O atoms?

  3. Physical Properties • How do the boiling points compare to alkanes? • Why? • How do the boiling points compare to alcohols? • Why?

  4. Can aldehydes and ketones set up hydrogen bonds with each other? • Can they set them up with water?

  5. Chemical reactions • What are the characteristic reactions of aledehydes and ketones? • Reduction • Nucleophilic addition • Nucleophilic addition-elimination • Which is more susceptible to nucleophilic attack, aldehyde or ketone? • Why?

  6. Oxidation • What reagents can be used to oxidise aldehydes?

  7. Reduction • Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced to produce alcohols. • The reducing agent of choice is LiAlH4 - lithium aluminium hydride • Able to transfer a hydride ion to the partially positive carbon atom of the carbonyl group • Musty be carried out in anhydrous conditions (in ether)

  8. Nucleophilic addition • With HCN, producing cyanohydrins....

  9. The cyanohydrins can be hydrolysed to produce hydroxy carboxylic acids

  10. Nucleophilic addition-elimination - With hydrazine, H2N-NH2 - Produces hydrozones

  11. Nucleophilic addition Elimination CONDENSATION

  12. - With 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine - Produces 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrozones These products are “derivatives”. They are crystalline solids with characteristic melting points. The melting point of the derivative can be used to identify the orignial carbonyl compound.

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