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Explore the diverse world of protists, from simple single-celled organisms to complex algae. Learn about animal-like protists such as amoebas and paramecia, plant-like protists like euglena and diatoms, and fungus-like protists. Discover the fascinating phenomenon of algal blooms and their impact on ecosystems.
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Table of Contents • Protists • Algal Blooms • Fungi
Kingdom Protista • -Protists—simple one-celled or many-celled organisms that live in moist, wet environments. • 1. Their cells are eukaryotic. • 2. They can be animal-like, plant-like or • fungus-like.
Animal-like Protists • -Animal-like protists—also known as protozoans. • *All are complex, one-celled organisms. • *Many species are found living in water, • soil, or within living or dead organisms. • *All are heterotrophsand can not make food. • *Classified into four groups based on how they • move.
Animal-like Protists: Amoeba • Amoebas are sarcodines that live in • either water or soil. They feed on bacteria and other protists. They move using a false foot known as a pseudopod. They change shape as they move.
- Protists Animal-Like Protists
Animal-like Protists: Paramecium • 2. Paramecia are ciliates that live mostly • in fresh water. They feed on bacteria • and smaller protists. They move using • hair-like structures known as cilia.
- Protists Animal-Like Protists
- Protists Amoeba and Paramecium Activity • Click the Active Art button to open a browser window and access Active Art of an amoeba and a paramecium.
Animal-like Protists • 3. Flagellates--Animal-like protists that move by • using one or many tail-like structures known • as flagella. • *Some live inside other organisms. • Example: flagellates live inside termites and • help them digest wood; termites provide • protection for the flagellate. This is an • example of mutualism.
Symbiosis and Mutualism • Note: Symbiosis —when two organisms • live together • Mutualism—a special type of • symbiosis where • both organisms benefit
Animal-like Protists • 4. Sporozoans--Animal-like protists that live as • parasites. • *Most feed on blood of human or animal hosts. • *Malaria is caused by a sporozoan transmitted • through the bite of the Anopheles Mosquito. Anopheles mosquito
- Protists Algae • Click the Video button to watch a movie about algae.
Plant-like Protists • -Plant-like protists—also known as algae. • *They can be one-celled, many-celled or • live in colonies. • *They all contain chlorophyll and are • autotrophs (can make food). • *Most species are a part of the plankton in • lakes and oceans. • *Six different groups:
Plant-like Protists: Euglena • Euglena--a common euglenoid that • lives in fresh water. In sunlight, many can make their own food. Without sunlight, they can eat food. (So they can be plant-like or animal-like in some ways.)
- Protists Plantlike Protists
Plant-like Protists • 2. Diatoms--plant-like unicellular protists found • in lakes and oceans. • *Most have golden-brown pigments • that hide their green chlorophyll. • *Covered by shells that contain silica. • *Used to make road paint,insulation, • filters, and toothpaste. • *Come in many shapes and patterns. • *Form diatomaceous earth when they die.
Plant-like Protists • 3. Dinoflagellates--plant-like protist with red pigments. • *Also known as “fire algae”. • *All are one-celled. • *All have two flagella and spin as • they move. • *Found in salt-water • *Can cause “Red Tides”
Plant-like Protists • 4. Green Algae--plant-like protists that • contain chlorophyll and are very diverse. • *Can be one-celled, many-celled or live • in colonies. • *Found in fresh water, salt water or on • land.
Plant-like Protists • 5. Red Algae-- plant-like protist that • lives in the deep ocean. • *All are many-celled. • *All are red in color. • *Used to make toothpaste and • pudding creamy, to make agar and • hair conditioner, or eaten fresh, • dried or toasted.
- Protists Plantlike Protists • 6. Brown Algae--giant kelps are examples. • *They live in shallow ocean waters. • *All are many-celled and grow very • tall—100m. • *Used to make ice cream and • marshmallows.
Algal Blooms • Algal Bloom—rapid growth of a population of algae in either saltwater or freshwater. • 1. Saltwater blooms—also known as Red Tides. • An increase in nutrients or water temperature • causes the algae population to increase. Toxins • produced by the algae build up in fish and shellfish. • Organisms that eat these fish (including us) can • become sick or die.
Algal Blooms • 2. Freshwater blooms—Nutrients, like nitrogen • and phosphorus, build up in lakes or ponds • and cause algae to increase producing a green • scum on the surface water. This is known as • eutrophication. Sunlight can’t reach plants • below so they die; bacteria decompose • them and use up all the oxygen so fish die. All • that lives is algae on the surface.
Causes of Eutrophication • -Human activities can cause eutrophication: • *Fertilizer run-off into lakes and streams. • *Sewage run-off into lakes and streams.
Fungus-like Protists • -Fungus-like protists—also known as slime molds and water molds. They have features of both protists and fungi. Water Mold Slime mold
- Algal Blooms Comparing and Contrasting • As you read, compare and contrast the two types of algal blooms in a table like the one below. Algal Blooms Properties Saltwater Blooms Freshwater Blooms Causes Increase in nutrients or temperature Nutrients build up, causing a rapid increase in algae growth. Effects Toxins concentrated in fish and shellfish that eat algae can cause illness to people and other large organisms when they consume the fish or shellfish. Fish and other organisms in the water die.
- Algal Blooms Links on Algae • Click the SciLinks button for links on algae.
- Fungi What Are Fungi? • -Most fungi are many celled eukaryotes that can not make food and can not move around. • *They get food by decomposing dead • organic matter • (saprophytes) • *Some get food from living hosts • (parasites) • *They use spores to reproduce. • *The cells of most fungi are arranged • in a structure called hyphae.
- Fungi What Are Fungi? • -Absorb food through hyphae that grow into the food source. 2. Often, hyphae grow underground and may join to form above ground structures like mushroom caps. 1. Hyphae are thread- like tubes of cytoplasm that contain many nuclei. Substances move quickly and freely through the hyphae. It is the largest part of the fungus.
Reproduction in Fungi • Fungi reproduce both asexually and sexually. • *Reproduce asexually by forming spores or by • budding. • 1. Spores are microscopic • 2. Produced inside fruiting bodies. • 3. Appearance of fruiting bodies varies. • 4. Budding occurs mostly in yeast cells. *Reproduce sexually when hyphae of two different fungi grow together and exchange genetic material.
Classification of Fungi • -Three major groups: • *Club Fungi—mushrooms, bracket • fungi, rusts and puffballs. They • produce spores in club-shaped • structures. Most poisonous fungi • are in this group. • *Sac Fungi—yeasts, morels and • truffles. They produce spores in • sac-shaped structures. • *Zygote Fungi—fruit and bread molds. • They produce spores in round spore • cases.
Role of Fungi in Nature • -Fungi play many roles in nature: • *Decomposers andrecyclers—break • down dead plant and animal matter • and return nutrients to soil.
*Food providers • 1. Yeast used to make bread and wine • 2. Some molds used to make cheese • 3. Some mushrooms are edible (some • are very poisonous)
*Fight disease—penicillin is made from the fungus, Penicillium, discovered by Alexander Fleming in 1928. Many other antibiotics are also made from fungi.
*Cause disease—fungi cause plant • diseases like Dutch elm disease. • Athlete’s foot and ringwormare • also caused by a fungus. • *Fungus-Plant RootAssociation • helps plants grow better. Hyphae • absorb water and nutrients for plant, • plant makes more food for fungus. • *Lichens—fungus and algae or (bacteria) • growing together. Algae makes food for • fungus; fungus improves living conditions • for algae. Known as a “pioneer species”.
- Fungi Fungi and Trees • A biologist conducted an experiment to see how root-associated fungi affect the growth of four different tree species. Each species was divided into two groups–trees grown with root-associated fungi and trees grown without the fungi.
By measuring average height in meters Reading Graphs: How did the biologist measure tree growth? - Fungi Fungi and Trees
Those grown with root-associated fungi. Interpreting Data: For each species, which group of trees showed more growth? - Fungi Fungi and Trees
About 5 meters Calculating: What is the average height difference between sour orange trees that grew with root-associated fungi and those that grew without fungi? - Fungi Fungi and Trees
About 1.5 meters Calculating: What is the height difference between avocado trees that grew with and without the fungi? - Fungi Fungi and Trees
Root-associated fungi improve or enhance tree growth. Drawing Conclusions: Based on this experiment, how do root-associated fungi affect tree growth? - Fungi Fungi and Trees
Question Answer - Fungi Asking Questions • Before you read, preview the red headings. In a graphic organizer like the one below, ask a what or how question for each heading. As you read, write the answers to your questions. What are fungi? Fungi are eukaryotes that have cell walls, are heterotrophs that feed by absorbing their food, and use spores to reproduce. Fungi reproduce by making spores. How do fungi reproduce? What is the role of fungi in nature? Fungi are important decomposers and recyclers.
- Fungi Fungi • Click the Video button to watch a movie about fungi.
- Fungi Links on Fungi • Click the SciLinks button for links on fungi.
Graphic Organizer Excess nutrients flow into a lake. Algal growth increases. Layer of algae prevents sunlight from reaching plants and other algae beneath. These plants and algae die. Decomposers increase in number and use upoxygen in the water. Fish and other organisms in the water die.
