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Mutations

Mutations. What are Mutations?. Mutations are changes in the genetic material that happen due to mistakes when copying DNA. 2 Major Types of Mutations. Gene mutation: these are mutations that produces changes in a single gene

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Mutations

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  1. Mutations

  2. What are Mutations? • Mutations are changes in the genetic material that happen due to mistakes when copying DNA

  3. 2 Major Types of Mutations • Gene mutation: these are mutations that produces changes in a single gene • Chromosomal Mutations: are mutations that produce changes in whole chromosomes

  4. Point Mutations • These are mutations that involve changes in one or just a few nucleotide (they occur at a single “point” in DNA) • Include: • Substitutions • Insertions or Deletions

  5. Substitutions are where one base is changed to another base • Deletions are where on base is removed from the DNA sequence • Insertions are where on extra base is added to the DNA sequence

  6. Frame Shift Mutations • Are mutations (such as insertions/deletions) that shift the reading frame • Because each codon is 3 bases long, if one is deleted then many of the amino acids will be changed…

  7. MOCK DEATH—Darwin Award • (1 November 2009, Belgium) Police received a desperate call from a man who had been attacked on a motorway near the town of Liege. When the policemen arrived, they found Thierry B., 37, lying dead on the ground, his body stabbed, his car burning. Witnesses had seen a big truck driving away. • But there was no evidence of fighting or struggling around the body--only the knife wounds on his shoulder and neck. Puzzled, inspectors analyzed Thierry's cell phone calls. He had recently reconnected with an old friend, a fact that intrigued Inspector Clouseau. Childhood friend, lost sight of for ten years, back in touch? Lamoque asked the 42-year-old friend in for a chat about the roadside aggression. • Turns out the dead man was aggrieved regarding insurance money he felt was owed, but never paid, after his restaurant burned two years before. He had asked his old friend to bring him a knife and a jerrycan of fuel, and leave him alone on the motorway: a man with a plan to get the insurance money one way or another. • The "victim" then set his car on fire, called police, and stabbed himself, accidentally cutting an artery in his own neck. By the time his simulated act of violence was over, he was over too, face against the ground ten yards from his burned car. Roll credits on this little drama.

  8. Chromosomal Mutations • Involve changes in the number or structure of chromosomes • They include: Deletions, Duplications, Inversions, and Translocation

  9. Mutations • Many mutations happen in non-coding regions of DNA and have little or no effect • Mutations that cause dramatic changes in protein structure or gene activity are often harmful or fatal • Genetic disorders, etc

  10. Mutations • Few mutations are beneficial, and give an advantage to the organism that has the mutation Beneficial mutations lead to the evolution of species

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