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The Renaissance “THE REBIRTH”. The medieval Age is over destroyed by the black plague, a new civilization is starting a stronger and more beautiful world. The Renaissance Sections 1 and 2. A New Beginning.
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The Renaissance“THE REBIRTH” The medieval Age is over destroyed by the black plague, a new civilization is starting a stronger and more beautiful world
A New Beginning • The Renaissance starts in Italy in the mid 1300’s. One place that first started was Florence. New arts, new writings, new ways of looking at things, and how they viewed the world was changing.
Ancient Times • “the glory that was Rome.” A new time brings back old ideas. Rome and Greece were the ideas of the Renaissance. The writings, the teachings, and the architecture. The domes, the arches, and the columns were all built during this time. Books and old methods were used for teaching
People • The ideal person of the Renaissance was a man of many skills and that he was good in all those fields. Humanists were was an intellectual movement on worldly issues, not an life after death. Studies were on grammar, rhetoric poetry, and history of the ancient studies.
The Art • Leonardo di’ Vinci the Mona Lisa, Raphael the school of Athens, and Michelangelo the Pieta. These are the few great artist of the time who used perspective. There are other types of art, like writing. Baldassure castiglione the book of the courtier, Niccolo Machiavelli the Prince and of course Shakespeare and his famous works.
The Church • Latin was still used in the church and among educated people. The church would pay artists to do murals and paintings for the church. Even though the artists studied the human anatomy and the church was against that they still hired them.
Science • Technology was growing by the 1400s. Johannes Gutenburg of Mainz Germany, had made the first printing machine. This machine made it possible for more people to read and write because books were able to be mass produced.
The Renaissance Chapter 14 Section 3 & 4 By: Jordan Padgett
Section 3 – The Protestant Reformation Abuses in the Church • During the renaissance, most high officials in the church had a lavish life. • High officials were patrons of the arts and hired artist to paint and create sculptures of them and for the church itself. • The high officials believed that God gave them ultimate power so they could do almost anything they wanted. • The priests began to tell people during the time that you can buy an indulgence or a free pass into heaven. • It was said that if you buy one that all your sins or your recently deceased family members’ sins would be gone and you may go straight to heaven. • This was putting into peoples’ minds that you can buy your way into heaven but during that period only the rich could afford them.
Many people objected to the indulgences and disliked many ideas that the church made. One person who disliked ideas in the church was Martin Luther. Martin Luther was a German monk and a professor of theology. In 1517, the protest became a revolt. To protest, Martin Luther made 95 theses or statements arguing against indulgences. To counter this the church asked Martin to give up his views but he denied. At first the 95 theses were posted on Wittenenberg’s All Saints Church but due to the new printing press it was copied and read all around the country. Even though Martin Luther was excommunicated from the church, he had many followers who strongly believed him.
There are many differences between Martin Luther and the church. He argued taught that salvation can only happen through faith alone. He rejected the church sayings that good deeds were necessary for salvation. Martin Luther declared that the Bible is the only source of religious truth. He denied all high authorities such as the Cardinals and the Pope. He rejected five of the seven sacraments only accepting Baptism and Communion. Martin Luther won widespread support because people saw Luther’s reforms as the answer to the corruption in the church. With corruption going on in the church, the people hoped to gain social and economic change. They demanded an end to serfdom.
Martin Luther’s reforms led to the peace of Augsburg where every Prince may choose their own religion within their kingdom. • John Calvin was the most important follower of Martin Luther. • Like Luther, Calvin believed that salvation was gained through faith alone. He also regarded the Bible as the only source of religious truth. • Unlike Luther, he believed in predestination which is the idea that God determined our fate before we were born. • He believed the world was split into two groups, sinners and saints. • John Calvin was asked to lead the community so he set up a theocracy.
A theocracy is a government run by church officials. • Calvin’s followers started to see themselves as the chosen people of God. They tried to build a truly Christian society. • Calvinists stressed hard work, discipline, charity, honesty and morality. Citizens had to pay fines or have harsh punishment for fighting, swearing, laughing in church, dancing and other offenses. • John Calvin closed down many theaters and did not like elaborate dressing. • This strict morality made Calvinists seem like a model or perfect community. • Calvin believed in religious education for girls and boys. He felt though that women should read the bible in private. • He also allowed women to sing in church which was criticized by some church officials.
Reformers from all over Europe went to Geneva and went home to spread Calvin’s ideas. • By the late 1500’s, Calvin’s ideas were spread across Europe. This reformation led to bloody wars over religion across Europe. • In Germany, Calvinists fought against the Lutherans as well as the Catholics. In France, Calvinists called Huguenots fought with the Catholics. • To avoid persecution Ministers held mass in the country side away from the town authorities. • In Scotland a Calvinist Preacher named John Knox led a religious rebellion. • Under Knox, Scottish Protestants overtook their Catholic Queen. They set up the Scottish Presbyterian Church.
Section 4 – The English Reformation • In England, there are many people thinking about converting to a Protestant faith. • The English did not have any major reforms until King Henry the VIII. For personal and political reasons Henry wanted to end the papal control over the English church. • King Henry was against the Protestants and was a strong supporter of the Catholic faith. He was even good friends with the Pope. • After eighteen years of marriage he and his wife only had one living child. He wanted and annulment to cancel his marriage. • As good a friend he was with the Pope, the Pope would not allow it, so King Henry broke with the church and created the Anglican Church of England. • The new church allowed for annulment of marriage.
The Catholic Reformation • Due to the Protestants movement across Europe and taking most many of the church’s followers, they had their own Reformation. • The leader of the Catholic Reformation was Pope Paul III. He set out to revive the belief in the church and to stop the oncoming Protestants. • To stop corruption within the church, Pope Paul appointed people to certain areas. Those people and their successors guided the Catholic Reformation until the end of the century. • To find out what the reform will be aimed at, Pope Paul called the Council of Trent in 1545. • The Council of Trent met periodically for twenty years. • The Council reinstated their views of which the Protestants tried to challenge.
The Catholics reinstated that to gain salvation you must have faith and do good works and even though the Bible is a major source of religious truth, it is not the only source of religious truth. • The church made harsher penalties for anyone being a cause of corruption in the church. • The Council built schools to further teach Clergy to be able to challenge the Protestant teachings. The Inquisition • To deal with Protestants more thoroughly, the Pope strengthened the inquisition. • This helps to create the index of forbidden books which included books said to be to immoral and to anti-religious for Catholics to read. • Among these books were Protestant books made by Martin Luther and John Calvin.
In 1540 the Pope saw a new religious order called the Jesuits. This was founded by Ignatius of Loyola. • The Jesuits mission was to combat heresy and the spread the catholic faith. • The more the Jesuits expanded across Europe, the more they became advisors to Catholic Rulers. • Some Jesuits went as far as to go into Protestant nations in disguise to preach the catholic faith to people who were still catholic in those lands. • To be a Jesuit you had to follow a strict program which included spiritual and moral discipline and religious training. • The Jesuits were able to spread the catholic faith to Asia, Africa and even the Americas.
The Catholic Reformation renewed strong feelings of faith. • St. Teresa of Avila went to a Carmelite convent in her young age. She was not happy with it so she created her own Order of Nuns. • St. Teresa was greatly honored for what she did and was made a Saint. • Her writings were considered to be some of the most important Christian texts during her life. • The Catholic Reformation did stop the spread of the Protestants. • After the Catholic Reformation, Europe stayed a Catholic South and a Protestant North.
Wide Spread Persecution • Many people were killed and executed during the inquisition. • Catholics were attacking Protestants and Protestants were attacking Catholics. • People began to call each other witches or agents of the devil who were usually women. • Between 1450 and 1750 tens of thousands of women and men were killed in witch hunts. • Scholars believed this happened because people of the time believed in magic and thought magic and heresy were almost one in the same. This was also a time of people being called scapegoats to avoid someone else’s problem. • The Reformation was hard times for the Jews. For most Jews, the Renaissance had been a relatively good time. Dislike Spain who expelled Jews in 1492, Italy let Jews remain in their country.
The Jews had good jobs and sometimes even served as advisors to some Rulers. • Sadly by the 1500’s Jews had to move to ghettos. They began to be limited to what they can do. They began to be expelled from countries, were forced to wear special badges if they left their ghetto, and even Pope Paul IV in the 1550’s restricted Jewish activities. • Emperor Charles V, who supported the Jews in the Holy Roman Empire, did not allow Jews to go to the Americas. • After 1550, many Jews went to Poland and the Ottoman Empire where they were allowed to prosper. Dutch Calvinists took in Jewish families who were driven out of Portugal and Spain. • The war of religion between the Catholics and the Protestants went on until the mid 1600’s. • In the mid 1600’s religion was becoming less important than national power where politics were becoming more important than religion.
Chapter 14Section 5 The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution • The change in science began in the mid 1500s. • The Scientific Revolution was a new way of thinking. • There were many new ideas in science from astronomy to the scientific method.
Nicolaus Copernicus • In 1543 Copernicus, a polish scholar, published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres. In his book he wrote about a heliocentric, or sun centered, model of the universe. • Most experts rejected his theory because it went against the Church.
Brahe and Kepler • In the late 1500s Tycho Brahe, a Danish astronomer, provided evidence that supported Copernicus's theory. Every night for years, Brahe carefully observed the sky while gaining data on the movement of celestial objects. • After Brahe died his assistant, Johannes Kepler, used Brahe’s data to calculate the orbits of the planets. Kepler was a German scientist and Mathematician.
Galileo Galilei • Galileo assembled an astronomical telescope. With this he became the first person to see mountains on the moon and sunspots. After observing the four moons of Jupiter, Galileo understood how the Earth could move around the sun. • The Church condemned him because his ideas went against the Christian teachings. In 1633, Galileo was brought to trial before the Inquisition and was threatened with death unless he withdrew his ideas.
Isaac Newton • Isaac Newton devoured the works of the different scientists of his day. Newton got the idea of gravity after he got hit in the head by an apple. In the next 20 years, Newton perfected his theory. Thanks to his theory of gravity, Newton was able to explain how the planets revolve around the sun.
More Scientific Advances • Chemistry- In the 1600s, Robert Boyle was able to distinguish between chemical compounds and elements. He also explained the effect of gases and temperature. • Medicine- physicians made an effort to study the human body. In 1543 Andreas Vesalius published the first accurate and detailed study of human anatomy. A French physician, Ambroise Pare, developed a new ointment for preventing infection and also developed a technique for closing wounds with stitches. In the early 1600s, an English scholar named William Harvey described how the circulatory system worked.
Bacon and Descartes • Both the Englishman Francis Bacon and the Frenchman Rene Descartes devoted themselves to the problem of knowledge. But Bacon and Descartes had different methods. Bacon stressed experiment and observation while Descartes stressed human reasoning as the best road of understanding. Through reason, Descartes argued, the basic truths could be discovered. Thanks to Bacon and Descartes the way was open to the Enlightenment of the 1700s.
